Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition

From the pharmaceuticals advertised on television for various specific medical conditions; to alcohol, which is consumed regularly as a societal norm; to illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine; to marijuana, which is becoming legal in an increasing number of U.S. states, drugs are all around us and are ingrained in our culture. The difficult reality is that any drug is a substance that can be abused. Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook provides a detailed discussion of the history of substance abuse, covers the classification of drugs, explains how drugs work in the body, includes a general survey of both legal and illegal drugs, and describes the methods of substance abuse prevention and treatment. Readers receive a comprehensive introduction to the broad topic of substance abuse and a variety of additional resources with which to conduct extensive research.

In addition to describing the nature of licit and illicit drugs, the beneficial and harmful effects drugs can have on the human body, and factors that may lead to abuse and/or substance abuse, this book covers subtopics such as drug testing in a variety of settings including the workplace and sports, drug control mechanisms, and the debates relating to the legalization of drugs such as medical and recreational marijuana. The book also offers primary source resources that enable readers to directly examine the text of documents, such as significant laws and court cases dealing with aspects of substance abuse, alcohol prohibition amendments, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, a series of memoranda from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding the prosecution of marijuana cases, and state doctor shopping laws.

1125408474
Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition

From the pharmaceuticals advertised on television for various specific medical conditions; to alcohol, which is consumed regularly as a societal norm; to illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine; to marijuana, which is becoming legal in an increasing number of U.S. states, drugs are all around us and are ingrained in our culture. The difficult reality is that any drug is a substance that can be abused. Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook provides a detailed discussion of the history of substance abuse, covers the classification of drugs, explains how drugs work in the body, includes a general survey of both legal and illegal drugs, and describes the methods of substance abuse prevention and treatment. Readers receive a comprehensive introduction to the broad topic of substance abuse and a variety of additional resources with which to conduct extensive research.

In addition to describing the nature of licit and illicit drugs, the beneficial and harmful effects drugs can have on the human body, and factors that may lead to abuse and/or substance abuse, this book covers subtopics such as drug testing in a variety of settings including the workplace and sports, drug control mechanisms, and the debates relating to the legalization of drugs such as medical and recreational marijuana. The book also offers primary source resources that enable readers to directly examine the text of documents, such as significant laws and court cases dealing with aspects of substance abuse, alcohol prohibition amendments, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, a series of memoranda from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding the prosecution of marijuana cases, and state doctor shopping laws.

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Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition

Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition

by David E. Newton
Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition

Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook, 2nd Edition

by David E. Newton

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Overview

From the pharmaceuticals advertised on television for various specific medical conditions; to alcohol, which is consumed regularly as a societal norm; to illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine; to marijuana, which is becoming legal in an increasing number of U.S. states, drugs are all around us and are ingrained in our culture. The difficult reality is that any drug is a substance that can be abused. Substance Abuse: A Reference Handbook provides a detailed discussion of the history of substance abuse, covers the classification of drugs, explains how drugs work in the body, includes a general survey of both legal and illegal drugs, and describes the methods of substance abuse prevention and treatment. Readers receive a comprehensive introduction to the broad topic of substance abuse and a variety of additional resources with which to conduct extensive research.

In addition to describing the nature of licit and illicit drugs, the beneficial and harmful effects drugs can have on the human body, and factors that may lead to abuse and/or substance abuse, this book covers subtopics such as drug testing in a variety of settings including the workplace and sports, drug control mechanisms, and the debates relating to the legalization of drugs such as medical and recreational marijuana. The book also offers primary source resources that enable readers to directly examine the text of documents, such as significant laws and court cases dealing with aspects of substance abuse, alcohol prohibition amendments, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, a series of memoranda from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding the prosecution of marijuana cases, and state doctor shopping laws.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781440854781
Publisher: ABC-CLIO, Incorporated
Publication date: 04/24/2017
Series: Contemporary World Issues
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 366
File size: 6 MB

About the Author

David E. Newton, EdD, has been a freelance writer of nonfiction books and ancillary materials for young adults for nearly 55 years. He has published more than 400 textbooks, research manuals, trade books, encyclopedias, and encyclopedia articles as well as lab manuals, problems books, and other educational materials.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

1 Background and History 3

Introduction 3

A Brief History of Substance Use and Abuse 3

Speaking of Drugs 10

Classifying Drugs 14

How Do Drugs Work? 19

A Survey of Legal and Illegal Drugs 23

Tobacco 23

Alcohol 28

Marijuana 32

Cocaine 34

Opioids 37

Amphetamines 39

Legal Medications 40

Conclusion 43

References 43

2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 53

Introduction 53

Substance Abuse Prevention 54

Substance Abuse Treatment 59

Other Options 62

Drug Testing 64

Drug Testing in the Workplace 64

Drug Testing in Schools 69

Drug Testing in Amateur and Professional Sports 72

Controlling the Use of Drugs 74

Education about Harmful Substances 74

Taxation of Drugs 77

Outright Bans on Substances 85

Federal Legislation since the Controlled Substances Act 91

Specialized Legislation 97

Should Illegal Substances Be Legalized? 99

Arguments in Favor of Legalizing Drugs 100

Arguments in Opposition to Legalizing Drugs 104

A Special Case: Marijuana 107

Medical Marijuana 107

Recreational Marijuana 112

Resistance to Legalization 115

References 116

3 Perspectives 133

Introduction 133

Cannabis Use and Cannabis-Related Behaviors among Adolescents Following Legalization: Expelling the Myths Candice Beathard 133

The Religious and Spiritual Use of Cannabis in History Jeffrey Brown 137

Marijuana Use and Intelligence Nicholas J. Jackson 141

A Young Man's Story Jackie Lien 145

A Recovery High School Michelle Lipinski 148

Pins and Needles: Treating Cravings with Acupuncture Cassandra Newell 151

Creating Recovery-Supportive Campuses John Ruyak 154

Five Days Ed Marnie Semeyn 158

Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Abuse: Comorbidity, Correlation, and Causation Teagan Wall 163

4 Profiles 169

Introduction 169

Al-Anon/Alateen 170

Alcoholics Anonymous 170

Richard Alpert (Ram Dass; 1931-) 171

American Society of Addiction Medicine 172

Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights 175

Americans for Safe Access 175

Harry J. Anslinger (1892-1975) 176

Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse 177

Bill W. (1895-1971) 178

Hale Boggs (1914-1972/1973) 180

Center for Lawful Access and Abuse Deterrence 181

Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America 183

Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) 185

Drug Policy Alliance 186

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 189

Harm Reduction Coalition 191

Francis B. Harrison (1873-1957) 192

Albert Hofmann (1906-2008) 193

Hon Lik (1951-) 195

John W. Huffman (1932-) 196

Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) 199

International Council on Alcohol and Addictions 200

C. Everett Koop (1916-2013) 201

Timothy Leary (1920-1996) 202

Otto Loewi (1873-1961) 204

Mothers Against Drunk Driving 205

National Coalition Against Prescription Drug Abuse 206

National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. 207

National Inhalant Prevention Coalition 209

National Institute on Drug Abuse 209

Albert Niemann (1834-1861) 212

NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) 213

Office of National Drug Control Policy 214

Quanah Parker (ca. 1845-1911) 214

Partnership for Drug-Free Kids 216

Friedrich Sertürner (1783-1841) 217

Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin (1925-2014) 218

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 220

Substance Abuse Librarians and Information Specialists 221

Luther L. Terry (1911-1985) 221

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 223

5 Data and Documents 227

Introduction 227

Data 227

Table 5.1 Drug-Induced Deaths, 1999-2013 227

Table 5.2 Schedules of Drugs, as Defined by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 228

Table 5.3 Treatment Admissions for Substance Abuse (2013) 229

Table 5.4 Past Month Illicit Drug Use among People Aged 12 or Older, by Age Group and by Drug: Percentages, 2002-2014 231

Table 5.5 Cigarette Consumption, in Billions, in the United States, 1900-2007 234

Table 5.6 Alcohol-Related Vehicular Accident Fatalities, United States, 1982-2004 236

Documents 237

Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) 237

Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1919) 238

Twenty-First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1933) 239

Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (1965) 240

Controlled Substances Act (1970) 243

Vernonia v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646 (1995) 248

Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005) 252

Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control and Federal Retirement Reform (2009) 255

Sottera, Inc. v. Food and Drug Administration (No. 10-5032; 627 F.3d 891) (2010) 259

Memorandum for All United States Attorneys (2013) 262

Coats v. Dish Network (Colorado Supreme Court Case No. 13SC394) (2015) 265

United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Marin Alliance for Medical Marijuana, and Lynette Shaw (2015) 266

State Doctor Shopping Laws (2016) 268

Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 270

6 Resources 277

Books 278

Articles 286

Reports 299

Internet 305

7 Chronology 323

Glossary 343

Index 351

About the Author 365

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