Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services
This book explains the fundamentals and intricacies of telegeoinformatics. The book is divided into three parts: Theories and Technologies; Integrated Data and Technologies; and Applications. These sections are divided into smaller contributed chapters, each of which addresses a topic crucial to the understanding of telegeoinformatics. This volume covers the concepts and technologies related to GIS and geoprocessing, remote sensing, the GPS, and wireless systems. It also explores the main issues of integrated data and technologies in LBC, LBS, mediated reality, and mobile augmented reality systems. The final part discusses applications of telegeoinformatics in emergency response, mobile inspection data collection, and ITS.
1137104047
Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services
This book explains the fundamentals and intricacies of telegeoinformatics. The book is divided into three parts: Theories and Technologies; Integrated Data and Technologies; and Applications. These sections are divided into smaller contributed chapters, each of which addresses a topic crucial to the understanding of telegeoinformatics. This volume covers the concepts and technologies related to GIS and geoprocessing, remote sensing, the GPS, and wireless systems. It also explores the main issues of integrated data and technologies in LBC, LBS, mediated reality, and mobile augmented reality systems. The final part discusses applications of telegeoinformatics in emergency response, mobile inspection data collection, and ITS.
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Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services

Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services

Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services

Telegeoinformatics: Location-Based Computing and Services

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Overview

This book explains the fundamentals and intricacies of telegeoinformatics. The book is divided into three parts: Theories and Technologies; Integrated Data and Technologies; and Applications. These sections are divided into smaller contributed chapters, each of which addresses a topic crucial to the understanding of telegeoinformatics. This volume covers the concepts and technologies related to GIS and geoprocessing, remote sensing, the GPS, and wireless systems. It also explores the main issues of integrated data and technologies in LBC, LBS, mediated reality, and mobile augmented reality systems. The final part discusses applications of telegeoinformatics in emergency response, mobile inspection data collection, and ITS.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780367578404
Publisher: CRC Press
Publication date: 06/30/2020
Pages: 392
Product dimensions: 6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d)

Table of Contents

Preface xi

Part 1 Theories and Technologies

Chapter 1 Telegeoinformatics: Current Trends and Future Direction

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Architecture 5

1.3 Internet-Based GIS 7

1.4 Spatial Databases 17

1.5 Intelligent Query Analyzer (IQA) 18

1.6 Predictive Computing 20

1.7 Adaptation 21

1.8 Final Remarks 24

References 24

Chapter 2 Remote Sensing

2.1 Introductory Concepts 27

2.1.1 What is Remote Sensing? 27

2.1.2 The Evolution of Remote Sensing 29

2.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation Principles in Remote Sensing 29

2.2 Remote Sensing Systems 30

2.3 Imaging Characteristics of Remote Sensing Systems 31

2.3.1 Spatial Resolution 31

2.3.2 Spectral Resolution 34

2.3.3 Radiometric Resolution 34

2.3.4 Temporal Resolution 35

2.4 Active Microwave Remote Sensing 35

2.4.1 What is Radar and IFSAR? 35

2.4.2 Introduction to SAR 36

2.4.3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) 37

2.4.4 LIDAR 40

2.5 Extraction of Thematic Information from Remotely Sensed Imagery 41

2.5.1 Visual Image Interpretation 41

2.5.2 Digital Image Classification 42

2.5.3 Image Classification Approaches 43

2.5.3.1 Supervised Classification 44

2.5.3.2 Unsupervised Classification 47

2.5.3.3 Hybrid Classification 48

2.5.4 Accuracy Assessment 49

2.5.5 Change Detection 50

2.6 Extraction of Metric Information from Remotely Sensed Imagery 51

2.6.1 Fundamentals of Photogrammetry 51

2.6.2 Photogrammetric Processing of Multiple Photographs 53

2.6.3 Softcopy Photogrammetry 56

2.6.3.1 Softcopy and Analytical Photogrammetry: a Comparison 57

2.6.3.2 Image Sources 57

2.6.3.3 Measurement System 58

2.6.3.4 Interior Orientation Comparison 59

2.6.3.5 Relative Orientation 59

2.6.3.6 Absolute Orientation 60

2.6.3.7 Exterior Orientation 60

2.6.3.8 Restitution 60

2.6.3.9 Orthophoto Generation 61

2.6.4 Direct Georeferencing 61

2.6.5 Photogrammetric Processing of Satellite Imagery 63

2.7 Remote Sensing in Telegeoinformatics 64

2.7.1 Imaging in Telegeoinformatics 64

2.7.2 Mobile Mapping Technology and Telegeoinformatics 64

References 66

Chapter 3 Positioning and Tracking Approaches and Technologies

3.1 Introduction 69

3.2 Global Positioning System 70

3.2.1 Definitions and System Components 70

3.2.2 GPS Signal Structure 72

3.2.3 GPS Observables and the Error Sources 74

3.2.3.1 Systematic Errors 74

3.2.3.1.1 Errors Due to Propagation Media 74

3.2.3.1.2 Selective Availability (SA) 75

3.2.3.2 Mathematical Models of Pseudorange and Carrier Phase 76

3.2.4 Positioning with GPS 78

3.2.4.1 Point vs. Relative Positioning 80

3.2.4.1.1 Point (Absolute) Positioning 80

3.2.4.1.2 Relative Positioning 80

3.2.4.1.3 DGPS Services 81

3.2.4.2 How Accurate is GPS? 83

3.2.5 GPS Instrumentation 84

3.2.6 GPS Modernization and Other Satellite Systems 85

3.3 Positioning Methods Based on Cellular Networks 86

3.3.1 Terminal-Centric Positioning Methods 88

3.3.2 Network-Centric and Hybrid Positioning Methods 90

3.3.3 GSM and UMTS Ranging Accuracy 94

3.4 Other Positioning and Tracking Techniques: An Overview 97

3.4.1 Inertial and Dead Reckoning Systems 97

3.4.1.1 What Are the Errors in Inertial Navigation? 99

3.4.2 Digital Compass 99

3.4.3 Additional Location Tracking Systems 99

3.4.3.1 Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Tracking 100

3.4.3.2 Magnetic Tracking 100

3.4.3.3 Optical Tracking 101

3.4.3.4 Pseudolite Tracking 102

3.5 Hybrid Systems 104

3.6 Summary 106

References 106

Chapter 4 Wireless Communications

4.1 Introduction 111

4.2 Overview of Wireless Systems 112

4.2.1 Classification of Wireless Networks 112

4.2.2 Wireless Network Architectures 115

4.2.2.1 Example of a Complex Architecture: GSM 117

4.2.2.2 Example of a Simple Architecture: IEEE 802.11 119

4.2.2.3 Example of an Ad Hoc Topology: Bluetooth 120

4.2.3 Issues and Challenges in Wireless Networks 121

4.3 Radio Propagation and Physical Layer Issues 122

4.3.1 Characteristics of the Wireless Medium 123

4.3.1.1 Large-Scale Fading 123

4.3.1.2 Small-Scale Fading 124

4.3.1.3 Telegeoinformatics and Radio Propagation 125

4.3.2 Modulation and Coding for Wireless Systems 125

4.4 Medium Access in Wireless Networks 126

4.4.1 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Voice Networks 127

4.4.2 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Data Networks 127

4.4.2.1 Random Access Protocols 127

4.4.2.2 Taking Turns Protocols 129

4.4.2.3 Reservation protocols 129

4.4.2.4 Impact on Telegeoinformatics 130

4.5 Network Planning, Design and Deployment 130

4.6 Wireless Network Operations 133

4.6.1 Radio Resources Management 133

4.6.2 Power Management 134

4.6.3 Mobility Management 136

4.6.3.1 Location Management 136

4.6.3.2 Handoff Management 137

4.6.4 Security 138

4.7 Conclusions and the Future 140

References 140

Part 2 Integrated Data and Technologies

Chapter 5 Location-Based Computing

5.1 Introduction 145

5.2 LBC Infrastructure 146

5.3 Location-Based Interoperability 147

5.3.1 Open Distributed Processing and LBC 148

5.3.2 Location Interoperability Protocols 150

5.3.2.1 Location Interoperability Forum (LIF) 151

5.3.2.2 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Location Framework 152

5.3.3 Location Specification Languages 153

5.3.3.1 Geography Markup Language 153

5.3.3.2 Point of Interest Exchange Language 156

5.4 Location-Based Data Management 157

5.5 Adaptive Location-Based Computing 159

5.5.1 Motivating Example 159

5.5.2 Metadata Management for Adaptive Location Based Computing 160

5.5.3 Pervasive Catalog Infrastructure 161

5.5.4 Querying Pervasive Catalog 163

5.6 Location-Based Routing as Adaptive LBC 164

5.7 Concluding Remarks 167

References 168

Chapter 6 Location-Based Services

6.1 Introduction 171

6.2 Types of Location-Based Services 171

6.3 What is Unique About Location-Based Services? 172

6.3.1 Integration With e-Business Solutions 174

6.4 Enabling Technologies 175

6.4.1 Spatial Data Management 175

6.4.2 Mobile Middleware 177

6.4.3 Open Interface Specifications 179

6.4.4 Network-Based Service Environment 180

6.4.5 Positioning Equipment 181

6.5 Market for Location-Based Services 182

6.5.1 Location-Based Service Market Players 183

6.6 Importance of Architecture and Standards 184

6.6.1 Java and Location-Based Services 185

6.7 Example Location-Based Services: 3-Phone J-Navi (Japan) 186

6.8 Conclusions 187

References 188

Chapter 7 Wearable Tele-Informatic Systems for Personal Imaging

7.1 Introduction 189

7.2 Humanistic Intelligence as a Basis for Intelligent Image Processing 190

7.3 Humanistic Intelligence 191

7.4 'WEARCOMP' as a Means of Realizing Humanistic Intelligence 192

7.4.1 Basic Principles of WearComp as a Tele-Informatic Device 192

7.4.2 The Six Basic Signal Flow Paths of WearComp 194

7.5 Where on the Body Should a Visual Tele-Informatic Device be Placed? 195

7.6 Telepointer: Wearable Hands-Free Completely Self Contained Visual Augmented Reality Without Headwear and Without any Infrastructural Reliance 196

7.6.1 No Need for Headwear or Eyewear if Only Augmenting 196

7.6.2 Computer Mediated Collaborative Living (CMCL) 199

7.7 Portable Personal Pulse Doppler Radar Vision System 201

7.7.1 Radar Vision: Background, Previous Work 202

7.7.2 Apparatus, Method, and Experiments 202

7.8 When Both the Camera and Display are Headword: Personal Imaging and Mediated Reality 205

7.8.1 Some Simple Illustrative Examples 205

7.8.2 Deconfigured Eyes: The Invention of the Reality Mediator 207

7.8.3 Personal Cyborg Logs (glogs) as a Tool for Photojournalists and Reporters 208

7.9 Personal Imaging for Location-Based Services 209

7.9.1 VideoOrbits Head Tracker 209

7.10 Reality Window Manager (RWM) 212

7.10.1 A Simple Example of RWM 213

7.10.2 The Wearable Face Recognizer as an Example of a Reality User Interface 214

7.11 Personal Telegeoinformatics: Blocking Spam with a Photonic Filter 215

7.12 Conclusion 216

References 219

Chapter 8 Mobile Augmented Reality

8.1 Introduction 221

8.1.1 Definition 221

8.1.2 Historical Overview 222

8.1.3 Mobile AR Systems 224

8.2 MARS: Promises, Applications, and Challenges 225

8.2.1 Applications 226

8.2.2 Challenges 232

8.3 Components and Requirements 233

8.3.1 Mobile Computing Platforms 233

8.3.2 Displays for Mobile AR 235

8.3.3 Tracking and Registration 239

8.3.4 Environmental Modeling 243

8.3.5 Wearable Input and Interaction Technologies 245

8.3.6 Wireless Communication and Data Storage Technologies 248

8.3.7 Summary: A Top-of-the-line MARS Research Platform 249

8.4 MARS UI Concepts 250

8.4.1 Information Display and Interaction Techniques 251

8.4.2 Properties of MARS UIs 253

8.4.3 UI Management 254

8.5 Conclusions 255

8.6 Acknowledgements 255

References 256

Part 3 Applications

Chapter 9 Emergency Response Systems

9.1 Overview of Emergency Response Systems 263

9.1.1 General Aspects 263

9.1.2 Structure of ERSs 264

9.2 State-of-the-Art ERSS 266

9.2.1 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs for Earthquake Disaster in California 266

9.2.2 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs for Earthquake Disasters in Japan 268

9.2.3 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs in Taiwan 271

9.2.4 Strong Motion Instrumentation and ERSs in Other Countries 272

9.2.5 ERSs for Floods and other Disasters 272

9.2.6 New Method of Damage Reconnaissance 272

9.3 Examples of Developing ERSs for Earthquakes and Other Disasters 273

9.3.1 Facility Management in Nagoya University 273

9.3.2 Seismic Ground Motion Evaluation 274

9.3.3 Soil Modeling 276

9.3.4 Seismic Damage Estimation 277

9.3.5 Early Seismic Damage Estimation 278

9.3.6 Environmental Vibration Alarm 279

9.3.7 "Anshin-System": Intercommunication System for Earthquake Hazard and Disaster Information 279

9.4 Future Aspects of Emergency Response Systems 282

9.4.1 Implementation Issues 282

9.4.2 Developing New Technologies for ERSs 283

9.5 Concluding Remarks 284

References 284

Chapter 10 Location-Based Computing for Infrastructure Field Tasks

10.1 Introduction 287

10.2 LBC-Infra Concept 290

10.3 Technological Components of LBC-INFRA 291

10.3.1 Mobile and Wearable Computers 291

10.3.2 Spatial Databases 295

10.3.3 Positioning and Tracking Technologies 296

10.3.4 Wireless Communications 299

10.4 General Requirements of LBC-Infra 300

10.5 Interaction Patterns and Framework of LBC-Infra 301

10.5.1 Interaction Patterns of LBC-Infra 302

10.5.2 Interaction Framework 303

10.5.3 Interaction Levels of LBC-Infra 304

10.6 Prototype System and Case Study 306

10.6.1 Software of the Prototype 307

10.6.2 Hardware of the Prototype 309

10.6.3 Preliminary Evaluation of the Prototype System 309

10.7 Conclusions 311

References 311

Chapter 11 The Role of Telegeoinformatics in ITS

11.1 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation Systems 315

11.1.1 The ITS Vision and Functional Areas 315

11.1.2 The ITS Architecture 316

11.2 Telegeoinformatics Within ITS 318

11.2.1 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Technologies 319

11.2.2 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Applications: General Comments 320

11.2.3 The ITS-Telegeoinformatics Development Drivers 321

11.3 The Role of Positioning Systems In ITS 324

11.3.1 Taxonomy of Positioning Systems 324

11.3.2 Attributes of Positioning Systems 325

11.3.3 E911 and Positioning System Development 326

11.4 Geospatial Data for ITS 328

11.4.1 The Digital Map 328

11.4.2 Map Attribute Data 329

11.4.3 Map Display 330

11.4.4 Map-Aided Positioning 332

11.4.5 Navigable Road Map Databases 333

11.5 Communication Systems in ITS 335

11.5.1 Mobile Telephony Systems: GSM and SMS 335

11.5.2 Mobile Telephony Systems: GPRS and 3G 336

11.6 ITS-Telegeoinformatics Applications 337

11.6.1 Driver Assistance 337

11.62 Passenger Information 341

11.6.3 Vehicle Management 342

11.7 NON-Technical Issues Impacting on ITS 343

11.8 Concluding Remarks 345

References 345

Chapter 12 The Impact and Penetration of Location-Based Services

12.1 The Definition of Technologies 349

12.2 LBSs: Definitions, Software, and Usage 350

12.3 The Market for LBSs: A Model of the Development of LBSs 353

12.4 Penetration of Mobile Devices: Predictions of Future Markets 356

12.4.1 Summary of the Growth Trend in the Mobile Market 356

12.4.2 Prediction of Growth Trend in the Mobile Market 359

12.5 Impacts of LBSs on Geographical Locations 362

12.6 Conclusions 363

References 365

About the Authors 367

Index 373

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