Religious Terror Inc.: Which ROI for Sympathizers?
Jessica Stern immediately sets the tone by telling her readers that her goal is to understand, not sympathize with terrorists who belong to Christianity, Islam, or Judaism (pp. xiii - xxxi). Stern is not an armchair anti-terrorist expert. She has talked at length to among others (¿retired¿) terrorist leaders and expendable foot soldiers in the U.S. and overseas (pp. xix, 291 - 92). Whoever has the opportunity to meet Stern will realize it quickly. Stern reminds her readers that (state-sponsored) terrorism has two key characteristics: 1. Noncombatants are the target 2. Inspiring dread in the target constituency is often more significant than the physical result. The definition of noncombatants is still in the works. Terrorism is in the eyes of the beholder (pp. xxviii - xxix). Like religious non-terrorists, their terrorist counterparts are struggling human beings who are dealing with unmet aspirations, negation, and despair (pp. xxvii, 247 - 48, 282 - 83). Young males, who usually make up the bulk of the terrorist staff, are more prone to violence if they grow up in either a violent society or a disintegrating state (pp. xxiv, 53, 284). Stern also draws to the attention of her audience that religious terrorism is nothing new in human history (pp. xx-xxii). Understanding the emotional, spiritual, and/or material motivations of terrorists is essential to stop them as Stern correctly points out (pp. xvi, xxviii - xxix, 6, 50, 283 - 86). Like a legitimate (non-) profit organization, a terrorist platform needs (part-time) talent with different aspirations to fulfill its mission statement (pp. 6 - 8). Talented terrorist leaders excel at reading their recruits to figure out their wants and needs and how to satisfy them for their own profit (pp. 24, 50 - 51, 69, 84, 156 - 57, 164, 214 - 16, 260 - 64). Terrorist aspirations are not necessarily cast in stone money, political power, or attention can replace the original grievances behind the enrollment with a terrorist infrastructure (pp. 6 - 7, 216, 263). Most terrorists are not a one-man show (pp. 172 - 87). Sympathizers, including charities, have to be sold on the mission statement and see a return on their investment (pp. 1 - 2, 7, 76, 142 - 43, 208, 231, 262, 265, 271 - 74). The ¿investment¿ can be expendable bodies, money, know-how, or any other asset useful to the strategy and tactics of the enterprise (pp. 32, 40 - 44, 48 - 49, 210 - 11, 223). Terrorists feel the need to be perceived that they are accomplishing something (p. 143). The ¿return¿ is either instrumental or expressive. Scaring the enemy, killing as many noncombatants as possible, destabilizing an economy, inviting enemy overkill, imposing a religious set of rules, empowering the disenfranchised, neutralizing ¿pollution¿ by impure outsiders, or communicating rage without really weighing the long-term consequences are some potential paybacks (pp. 7, 18, 52 - 54, 223, 283). Stern bluntly demonstrates that a ¿performing¿ terrorist has to become two people, the self he/she was, and the new, morally disengaged killer self. Skilled terrorist leaders market this doubling to their recruits for crushing any potential sympathy for their targets when time for action comes (pp. xv - xvi, xxii - xxiii, 52 - 53, 55, 137, 142, 159, 261, 296). However, desensitivity training is not the preserve of terrorists. Some doubling is required to be up to the job for say, a soldier or a surgeon (pp. xv - xvi, 16). Stern convincingly argues that modernity generates confusion and fear because it obliges individuals to make choices, which can be overwhelming for some of them (p. 69). Similarly, dictatorial states are particularly at risk when they start liberalizing and democratizing (pp. 80 - 81, 287 - 88). In contrast, terrorism has the key ¿benefit¿ to simplify life. Why bother with gray areas when everything can be reduced to good and evil carved in stark relief (pp. 5, 19, 23, 60 - 62, 121, 136 -
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