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Overview
In her signature narrative nonfiction style, Penny Colman paints a fascinating picture of this cherished American holiday. She examines numerous Thanksgiving claims which were antecedents to the national holiday we celebrate today, raises the turkey question—does everyone eat turkey on Thanksgiving?—and shows Sarah Josepha Hale's instrumental role in establishing the holiday. Get ready to delve into the rich past of Thanksgiving in an enlightening history that uncovers the true story.
Thanksgiving is a 2009 Bank Street - Best Children's Book of the Year.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780805082296 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Henry Holt and Co. (BYR) |
| Publication date: | 09/16/2008 |
| Edition description: | First Edition |
| Pages: | 160 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.60(w) x 9.30(h) x 0.70(d) |
| Age Range: | 10 - 14 Years |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Sarah Josepha Hale’s Campaign
In 1837, Sarah Josepha Hale became the editor of what would become Godey’s Lady’s Book. Under her guidance, Godey’s Lady’s Book grew to have a circulation of 150, 000 readers, an astonishing number at that time. She used the pages of the magazine to advocate for her “suggestion” that: “THE LAST THURSDAY IN NOVEMBER shall be the DAY OF NATIONAL THANKSGIVING for the American people.” (She carefully called her proposal a “suggestion,” so as to not seem unladylike.)
She selected the last Thursday in November for several reasons: “Because then the agricultural labors of the year are generally completed; the elections are over; those autumnal diseases which usually prevail more or less at the South have ceased, and the summer wanderers are gathered to their homes.” (July 1859) “Thursday,” Hale wrote, “is the most convenient day of the week for a domestic holiday.” She also pointed out that George Washington selected a Thursday in his Thanksgiving Proclamaion.
Year after year, Sarah Josepha Hale persisted in the “habit of urging on the attention of our readers and friends, . . .the plan of a National Thanksgiving.” Every year, she wrote a special editorial on the subject. She wrote thousands of letters to governors of states and territories and military commanders and ambassadors and five different presidents. She called upon the rest of the press to join in supporting her “suggestion.”
Much to Offer
Why was Sarah Josepha Hale so passionate about Thanksgiving? Undoubtedly she was influenced by growing up in New England where an annual autumn Thanksgiving Day was already well established. For her it was a special time for families to gather together to attend church and share a feast. She was also responding to the dramatic transformation of the United States.
Between 1790-1850 new modes of transportation were developed: Steamboat and canal, then railroads were built. New inventions appeared. Mills and factories were built. Large cities grew: Between 1790-1850, New York City’s population grew from 33,000 to 515, 000. People were on the move and families were spreading apart. Between 1790-1820, 800,000 people left New England and settled in Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Illinois. Hale herself moved from New England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her son William spent years in Galveston, Texas. In the 1840s, a mass of new immigrants poured into the country. Then there was the issue of slavery that was becoming increasingly contentious and divisive.
In such tumultuous times, Hale believed that a national Thanksgiving Day had much to offer America. Her vision was of all Americans “uniting as one Great Family Republic.” (11/67) She believed that celebrating a national Thanksgiving Day would “awaken in American hearts the love of home and country, of thankfulness to God, and peace between brethren.” For Hale, Thanksgiving “is a holiday especially worthy of our people. All its associations and all its influences are of the best kind. It reunites families and friends. It awakens kindly and generous sentiments. It promotes peace and good-will among our mixed population. It gives a festival for the homes of all, and to the homeless it brings one day in the year of gladness and plenty. If only for the charitable feeling which it rouses towards the poor, the suffering, and the helpless, the day has a value beyond all expression.”
In one of her editorials, Hale pointed out that Americans had only two national holidays to celebrate: Washington’s Birthday in February and the Fourth of July. “These are patriotic and political,” she wrote. “Are not the sounds of war borne on the breezes of those festivals? One comes in the cold of winter; the other in the heat of summer; while the glorious autumn of the year, when blessings are gathered in, has no day of remembrance for her gifts of peace. Should not the women of America have one festival in whose rejoicings they can fully participate?”
Americans Celebrate
Hale kept track of where and when Americans celebrated a national Thanksgiving Day. Her list included states and territories, American ships in various ports, and American missionaries and students and diplomats in foreign countries.
“Last year,” she wrote in her 1852 editorial, “twenty nine States, and all the Territorities, united in the festival. This year, we trust that Virginia and Vermont will come into this arrangement . . . .Henceforth wherever an American is found, the last Thursday in November would be the Thanksgiving Day . . . .[and] every heart would on one day in each year, beat in unison of enjoyment and thankfulness.” In a later editorial, she noted that Thanksgiving dinners were held in “London, Paris, Liverpool, Frankfort, Berlin, Florence, and Rome . . . .in Japan at the mouth of the Amoor River, in St. Petersburg and in Rio de Janeiro.”
Many of these celebrations were initiated by transplanted New Englanders and other settlers who cherished the holiday.
The governor of Oregon territory succumbed to the pressure of seventy-six Oregon City women. “Be it know that in conformity with the wishes of many citizens of Oregon,” he wrote, “I appoint and set apart Thursday, the 29th of December, 1859, as a day to be kept for PUBLIC THANKSGIVING.” (applebaum 122) The governor of Minnesota territory appeared to need a hint from someone, according to an account by Mrs. Isaac Atwater: “November passed and week by week New Englanders looked for the announcement of their ancient and beloved festival, but even the sacred last Thursday went by without it, and dismay and homesickness filled all hearts. Our good governor must have been of Scotch or Dutch pedigree to have overlooked a duty of such importance; but at last a hint was given him, a brief proclamation was forthcoming, and the day duly celebrated.”
A transplanted New Englander who lived in Louisiana observed the first Thanksgiving there on January 15, 1846. “Thanks to His excellency Governor Mouton!” the New Englander wrote to relatives in Indiana, “He has seen the evil of his ways, and has at length repented and announced that this year and ever after the people of Louisiana must celebrate a day of Thanksgiving. . . . We are going to try to have a real Yankee dinner, pumpkin pies and everything to match.”
The Opposition
Ironically, the idea that Thanksgiving was a New England tradition was one of the reasons people who were not native New Englanders were slow in adopting it. By the late 1880s, however, a widely read newspaper reported: “Each year Thanksgiving becomes more and more a national and less a New-England holiday.” Other people felt that a thanksgiving day should only be proclaimed for special events. Then there were people who resisted the idea of a national Thanksgiving: They thought it should be up to each state to decide the if and when of having an annual Thanksgiving Day. But these sentiments had little effect on the growing numbers of people who heeded Sarah Josepha Hale’s “suggestion” and gathered together to celebrate Thanksgiving Day on the last Thursday in November. In the mid-1840s, Frederika Bremer, a Swedish writer, traveled throughout America. “In America,” Bremer wrote, “there is annually celebrated what is called the Thanksgiving Festival. It occurs in the autumn when the harvest is finished. The families then assemble to rejoice together, and to distribute the earth’s best wealth amid praises of the giver.”
Sarah Josepha Hale and Abraham Lincoln
During the first two years of Civil War, the leaders of the Union and Confederacy — Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis--declared special days of thanksgiving for military victories. Lincoln declared one on August 6, 1863, to mark the Union victories, including the Battle of Gettysburg. About that time, Sarah Josepha Hale may have met with Lincoln. Although there is no record of their meeting, Hale’s grandson remembered his father saying that “his mother had visited President Lincoln and had found him a very kindly and interested gentleman.”
On September 28, 1863, Sarah Josepha Hale wrote to President Lincoln. The purpose of her letter was to “Entreat President Lincoln to put forth his Proclamation, appointing the last Thursday in November . . . as the National Thanksgiving . . . . Thus by the noble example and action of the President of the United States, the permanency and unity of our Great American Festival of Thanksgiving would be forever secured.” She enclosed copies of three of her editorials with her letter.
A few days later, on October 3, 1863, President Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Thanksgiving for the last Thursday of November. He called upon “my fellow citizens in every part of the United States, and also those who are at sea and those who are sojourning in foreign lands, to set apart and observe . . . a day of Thanksgiving and Praise.”
Lincoln’s proclamation was in the tradition of an annual, general Thanksgiving Day. Sarah Josepha Hale had realized her goal, part of it at least. For she knew that a presidential proclamation only applied to federal employees and residents of the District of Columbia. As for the rest of the country, a president could only recommend that governors proclaim Thanksgiving Day. It would take an act of Congress to have a National Thanksgiving become an official holiday, thus ‘forever secured,” and not dependent on the whim of future presidents and governors.
Final Appeal
Now, Sarah Josepha Hale focused her efforts on getting Congress to pass legislation making Thanksgiving the “third American holiday.” She continued her efforts until 1877, when she retired at the age of eighty-nine. She died two years later, at the age of ninety-one.
“This is probably the last occasion upon which the Editress of the Lady’s Book will speak to the public through the pages of this magazine, on a subject which has been near to her heart for many years,” she wrote in her last editorial. “Let the Fifty-fifty Congress, in the name of the American people, enact that from henceforward the last Thursday in November shall be observed, throughout the length and breadth of our land, as the day of our National Thanksgiving.”
Sixty-four years would pass before Congress established Thanksgiving as an official holiday. Nevertheless the tradition of an annual national Thanksgiving Day was firmly established. For that Sarah Josepha Hale was largely responsible. Perhaps, as some people have already claimed, she was the mother of our Thanksgiving.
Sixty-four Years Later
Congress finally made Thanksgiving Day a legal holiday in 1941 in response to the conflict that erupted over the issue of which Thursday to celebrate.
The conflict over the different Thursdays had erupted in 1939, a year in which November has five Thursdays. Hoping that more shopping days would mean more sales, a national association of merchants asked President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) to change Thanksgiving from the last Thursday, the traditional day, to the fourth Thursday. They had made the same request in 1933, another year with five Thursday, but FDR refused. This time he agreed and made the announcement in August.
It is unlikely that FDR anticipated the controversy that erupted, but it did. Telegrams and letters poured into the White House. How dare he change the “hallowed traditional” date! What would happen to all the traditional Thanksgiving Day football games? What about school vacations days that were already set? “I am afraid your change for Thanksgiving,” wrote the owner of a calendar company, “is going to cause the calendar manufacturers untold grief.” Politicians, ministers, newspaper editors and cartoonists expressed their opinions on both sides. Some people kept a sense of humor, including Shelby O. Bennett of Shinnston, West Virginia, who wrote the following letter:
Mr. President:
I see by the paper this morning where you want to change Thanksgiving Day to November 23 of which I heartily approve. Thanks.
Now, there are some things that I would like done and would appreciate your approval.
1. Have Sunday changed to Wednesday:
2. Have Monday’s to be Christmas;
3. Have it strictly against the Will of God to work on Tuesday;
4. Have Thursday to be Pay Day with time and one-half for overtime;
5. Require everyone to take Friday and Saturday off for a fishing trip down the Potomac.
With these in view and hoping you will give me some consideration at your next Congress.
Twenty-one states changed the date. Sixteen states refused. Thus, 1939 became known as the year of two Thanksgivings, as was the following year.
All that uproar and confusion, prompted Congress to finally make Thanksgiving a legal holiday and to set a fixed date. The House of Representatives passed a resolution declaring the last Thursday in November to be the legal Thanksgiving Day. The Senate, amended that resolution to set the date as the fourth Thursday, in order to accommodate the years when November has five Thursdays. The House agreed, thus ending the confusion and established Thanksgiving as a national holiday.
The True Story
As you can see, the origins of the Thanksgiving that we celebrate today cannot be directly traced to the inspiration of a single historical event, such as the 1621 “Pilgrim and Indian” feast. Its origins are much more complicated. The true story involves multiple influences—two very old traditions and the activism of a determined woman—that were finally officially recognized by an act of Congress.
But what about the “Pilgrim and Indian” story that we all know so well?
Reading Group Guide
Discussion Questions
Part I
1. Thanksgiving is Penny Colman's favorite holiday. What about you? What is your favorite holiday? Why?
2. Colman concludes that none of the 12 claims in chapter 1 led directly to the establishment of Thanksgiving as a national holiday in the United States. What do you think about the claims on Table 1 (pages
10-11)? Do you think that all or some of the claims should be remembered as important historical events?
Which ones and why?
3. Colman asserts that "The true story of our modern Thanksgiving starts with two very old traditions:
celebrating harvest festivals and proclaiming days of thanksgiving for special events." Do you agree? Why?
4. In what ways is Juliana Smith's family's Thanksgiving Day similar to your family's (pages 33-35)? How is it different?
5. Sarah Josepha Hale has been called the "Mother of Thanksgiving." Do you think people will easily accept her as the force behind the establishment of a national Thanksgiving Day in lieu of President Abraham
Lincoln who often erroneously gets the credit? Why?
6. What did you learn from Hale about how to effectively promote a cause?
7. What did you think about a leader of the Wampanoag, Frank James, and his decision not to revise his bold speech for the 350th anniversary of the landing of the Mayflower? (pp. 72-75) What was your reaction to his speech and the establishment of a National Day of Mourning?
8. Compare and contrast what you see in the three pageant photographs on pp. 71, 73, 74. Describe
Thanksgiving Day programs or activities that were or are held in your community. Do you think Thanksgiving should be celebrated in schools? If so, how? Should the traditional "Pilgrim and Indian" story be included?
9. What were the most interesting things you learned in Part I? What effect has Part I had on how you think about Thanksgiving?
10. Colman took pictures of statues, street signs, and historic plaques for her book. (See pages; 22, 23,
42, 65, 76). Why do you think she did that? Do you think it is a good idea to have historical markers in public places? Why?
Part II
11. What poems and songs do you associate with Thanksgiving?
12. Describe a Thanksgiving that you celebrated away from your home. How did you feel about it?
13. Describe your activities on a typical Thanksgiving Day. Of all the activities in chapter 6 which ones would you consider adding to your celebration? Why?
14. What is your favorite illustration in chapter 6? Why?
15. What do you eat on Thanksgiving? Identify any foods that are tied to your cultural identity.
16. What foods in chapter 7 made you think "yummy"? How about "No, thank-you"?
17. What do you think about Thomas Nast's cartoon, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Day," on p. 122? Describe or draw a cartoon that expresses your ideas about Thanksgiving.
18. Do you think what Sarah Josepha Hale wrote in 1876 (p. 122) is relevant for America in the 21st century? Why?
19. Colman writes on p. 124: "Now that I have immersed myself in the true story of Thanksgiving, I am wondering about a larger meaning, about how to connect Thanksgiving to the world outside my dining room table." What about you? How has reading Thanksgiving: The True Story changed what Thanksgiving means to you?
20. Can you propose answers to Colman's questions on pp. 124-125? What questions would you add?