Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xiii
Editorial Note xv
Introduction 1
I Historical Background before 1900
The Earliest Africans in North America Peter H. Wood 19
Black Pioneers: The Spanish-Speaking Afro-Americans of the Southwest Jack D. Forbes 27
Slave and Free Women of Color in the Spanish Ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola Virginia Meacham Gould 38
Afro-Cubans in Tampa Susan D. Dreenbaum 51
Excerpt from Pulling the Muse from the Drum Adrián Castro 62
II Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
Excerpt from "Racial Integrity: A Plea for the Establishment of a Chair of Negro History in Our Schools and Colleges," Arthur A. Schomburg 67
The World of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof 70
Invoking Arturo Schomburg's Legacy in Philadelphia Evelyne Laurent-Perrault 92
III Afro-Latin@s on the Color Line
Black Cuban, Black American Evelio Grillo 99
A Puerto Rican in New York and Other Sketches Jesús Colón 113
Melba Alvarado, El Club Cubano Inter-Americano, and the Creation of Afro-Cubanidades in New York City Nancy Raquel Mirabal 120
An Uneven Playing Field: Afro-Latinos in Major League Baseball Adrian Burgos 127
Changing Identities: An Afro-Latin@ Family Portrait Gabriel Haslip-Viera 142
iEso era tremendo! An Afro-Cuban Musician Remembers Graciela 150
IV Roots of Salsa: Afro-Latin@ Popular Music
From "Indianola" to "Ño Colá": The Strange Career of the Afro-Puerto Rican Musician 157
Excerpt from cu/bop Louis Reyes Rivera 176
Bauzáa-Gillespie-Latin/Jazz:Difference, Modernity, and the Black Caribbean Jairo Moreno 177
Contesting that Damned Mambo: Arsenio Rodríguez and the People of El Barrio and the Bronx in the 1950s David F. García 187
Boogaloo and Latin Soul Juan Flores 199
Excerpt from the salsa of bethesda fountain Tato Laviera 207
V Black Latin@ Sixties
Hair Conking; Buy Black Carlos Cooks 211
Dominican Garveyite in Harlem Pedro R. Rivera Carlos A. Cooks 215
Down These Mean Streets Piri Thomas 219
African Things Victor Hernández Cruz 232
Black Notes and "You Do Something to Me," Sandra María Esteves 233
Before People Called Me a Spic, They Called Me a Nigger Pablo "Yoruba" Guzmán 235
Excerpt from Jíbaro, My Pretty Nigger Felipe Luciano 244
The Yoruba Orisha Tradition Comes to New York City Marta Moreno Vega 245
Reflections and Lived Experiences of Afro-Latin@ Religiosity Luis Barrios 252
Discovering Myself: Un Testimonio Sherezada "Chiqui" Vicioso 262
Excerpt from Dominicanish Josefina Báez 266
VI Afro-Latinas
The Black Puerto Rican Woman in Contemporary American Society Angela Jorge 269
Something Latino Was Up with Us Spring Redd 276
Excerpt from Poem for My Grifa-Rican Sistah, or Broken Ends Broken Promises Mariposa (María Teresa Fernández 280
Latinegras: Desired Women-Undesirable Mothers, Daughters, Sisters, and Wives Marta I. Cruz-Janzen 282
Letter to a Friend Nilaja Sun 296
Uncovering Mirrors: Afro-Latina Lesbian Subjects Ana M. Lara 298
The Black Bellybutton of a Bongo Marianela Medrano 314
VII Public Images and (Mis)Representations
Notes on Eusebia Cosme and Juano Hernández Miriam Jiménez Román 319
Desde el Mero Medio: Race Discrimination within the Latin@ Community Carlos Flores 323
Displaying Identity: Dominicans in the Black Mosaic of Washington, D.C. Ginetta E. B. Candelario 326
Bringing the Soul: Afros, Black Empowerment, and Lucecita Benítez Yeidy M. Rivero 343
Can BET Make You Black? Remixing and Reshaping Latin@ on Black Entertainment Television Ejima Baker 358
The Afro-Latino Connection: Can this group be the bridge to a broadbased Black-Hispanic alliance? Alan Hughes Milca Esdaille 364
VIII Afro-Latin@s in the Hip Hop Zone
Ghettocentricity, Blackness, and Pan-Latinidad Raquel Z. Rivera 373
Chicano Rap Roots: Afro-Mexico and Black-Brown Cultural Exchange Pancho McFarland 387
The Rise and Fall of Reggaeton: From Daddy Yankee to Tego Calderón and Beyond Wayne Marshall 396
Do Plátanos Go wit' Collard Greens? David Lamb 404
Divas Don't Yield Sofia Quintero 411
IX Living Afro-Latinidades
An Afro-Latina's Quest for Inclusion Yvette Modestin 417
Retracing Migration: From Samaná to New York and Back Again Ryan Mann-Hamiton 422
Negotiating among Invisibilities: Tales of Afro-Latinidades in the United States Vielka Cecilia Hoy 426
We Are Black Too: Experiences of a Honduran Garifuna Aida Lambert 431
Profile of an Afro-Latina: Black, Mexican, Both María Rosario Jackson 434
Enrique Patterson: Black Cuban Intellectual in Cuban Miami Antonio López 439
Reflections about Race by a Negrito Acomplejao Eduardo Bonilla-Silva 445
Divisible Blackness: Reflections on Heterogeneity and Racial Identity Silvio Torres-Saillant 453
Nigger-Reecan Blues Willie Perdomo 467
X Afro-Latin@s: Present and Future Tenses
How Race Counts for Hispanic Americans John R. Logan 471
Bleach in the Rainbow: Latino Ethnicity and Preference for Whiteness William A. Darity Jr. Jason Dietrich Darrick Hamilton 485
Brown Like Me? Ed Morales 499
An Oral history project in western Puerto Rico Against the Myth of Racial Harmony in Puerto Rico Afro-Pureto Rican Tesimonies 508
Mexican Ways, African Roots Lisa Hoppenjans Ted Richardson 512
Afro-Latin@s and the Latin@ Workplace Tanya Katerí Hernández 520
Racial Politics in Multiethnic America: Black and Latin@ Identities and Coalitions Mark Sawyer 527
Afro-Latinism in United States Society: A Commentary James Jennings 540
Sources and Permissions 547
Contributors 551
Index 559