How old is prejudice against black people? Were the racist attitudes that fueled the Atlantic slave trade firmly in place 700 years before the European discovery of sub-Saharan Africa? In this groundbreaking book, David Goldenberg seeks to discover how dark-skinned peoples, especially black Africans, were portrayed in the Bible and by those who interpreted the Bible—Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Unprecedented in rigor and breadth, his investigation covers a 1,500-year period, from ancient Israel (around 800 B.C.E.) to the eighth century C.E., after the birth of Islam. By tracing the development of anti-Black sentiment during this time, Goldenberg uncovers views about race, color, and slavery that took shape over the centuries—most centrally, the belief that the biblical Ham and his descendants, the black Africans, had been cursed by God with eternal slavery.
Goldenberg begins by examining a host of references to black Africans in biblical and postbiblical Jewish literature. From there he moves the inquiry from Black as an ethnic group to black as color, and early Jewish attitudes toward dark skin color. He goes on to ask when the black African first became identified as slave in the Near East, and, in a powerful culmination, discusses the resounding influence of this identification on Jewish, Christian, and Islamic thinking, noting each tradition's exegetical treatment of pertinent biblical passages.
Authoritative, fluidly written, and situated at a richly illuminating nexus of images, attitudes, and history, The Curse of Ham is sure to have a profound and lasting impact on the perennial debate over the roots of racism and slavery, and on the study of early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
David M. Goldenbergis Isidore and Theresa Cohen Chair of Jewish Religion and Thought at the University of Cape Town, and Visiting Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. He was formerly President of Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, Associate Director of the Annenberg Research Institute for Judaic and Near Eastern Studies, and Editor of The Jewish Quarterly Review.
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
Introduction 1
PART ONE: IMAGES OF BLACKS
ONE
Biblical Israel: The Land of Kush 17
TWO
Biblical Israel: The People of Kush 26
THREE
Postbiblical Israel: Black Africa 41
FOUR
Postbiblical Israel: Black Africans 46
PART TWO: THE COLOR OF SKIN
FIVE
The Color of Women 79
SIX
The Color of Health 93
SEVEN
The Colors of Mankind 95
EIGHT
The Colored Meaning of Kushite in Postbiblical Literature 113
PART THREE: HISTORY
NINE
Evidence for Black Slaves in Israel 131
PART FOUR: AT THE CROSSROADS OF HISTORY AND EXEGESIS
TEN
Was Ham Black? 141
ELEVEN
"Ham Sinned and Canaan was Cursed?!" 157
TWELVE
The Curse of Ham 168
THIRTEEN
The Curse of Cain 178
FOURTEEN
The New World Order: Humanity by Physiognomy 183
Conclusion
Jewish Views of Black Africans and the Development of Anti-Black Sentiment in Western Thought 195
APPENDIX I
When is a Kushite not a Kushite? Cases of Mistaken Identity 201
A great book on a great topic. It is great both for what it does and what it does not do. What it does is to survey, consider, annotate, and analyze every Jewish text that refers to, or can be thought to refer to, black/dark skin or Black Africans. And yet it does not engage in polemics or apologetics. — Shaye J. D. Cohen, Harvard University, author of "The Beginnings of Jewishness"
David Brion Davis
A truly stunning work and a masterpiece of its kind. David Goldenberg goes far beyond anyone else in offering the most comprehensive, convincing, and important analysis I've read on interpretations of the famous Curse and, generally, of blackness and slavery. His research is breathtaking. It yields almost definitive answers to many longstanding debates over early attitudes toward dark skin. — David Brion Davis, Yale University, author of In the "Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery"
From the Publisher
"A truly stunning work and a masterpiece of its kind. David Goldenberg goes far beyond anyone else in offering the most comprehensive, convincing, and important analysis I've read on interpretations of the famous Curse and, generally, of blackness and slavery. His research is breathtaking. It yields almost definitive answers to many longstanding debates over early attitudes toward dark skin."—David Brion Davis, Yale University, author of In the Image of God: Religion, Moral Values, and Our Heritage of Slavery"A great book on a great topic. It is great both for what it does and what it does not do. What it does is to survey, consider, annotate, and analyze every Jewish text that refers to, or can be thought to refer to, black/dark skin or Black Africans. And yet it does not engage in polemics or apologetics."—Shaye J. D. Cohen, Harvard University, author of The Beginnings of Jewishness
Cohen
A great book on a great topic. It is great both for what it does and what it does not do. What it does is to survey, consider, annotate, and analyze every Jewish text that refers to, or can be thought to refer to, black/dark skin or Black Africans. And yet it does not engage in polemics or apologetics. — Shaye J. D. Cohen, Harvard University, author of "The Beginnings of Jewishness"
