The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History available in Hardcover
The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History
- ISBN-10:
- 1600867111
- ISBN-13:
- 9781600867118
- Pub. Date:
- 12/01/2009
- Publisher:
- AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics)
- ISBN-10:
- 1600867111
- ISBN-13:
- 9781600867118
- Pub. Date:
- 12/01/2009
- Publisher:
- AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics)
The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History
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Overview
The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History recounts the role played by Pratt & Whitney (P&W) in the evolution of aircraft engines from 1925 to the present timefor the most part as told by the engineers who made the history. A technical reference of all P&W engines and their applications, the book describes the evolution of piston engines and gas turbines, and offers young engineers a wealth of insights about design, development, marketing, and product support efforts for customers at home and abroad.
The first three chapters introduce the contributions of Frederick Rentschler, George Mead, and Leonard Hobbs, with stories of how each new piston engine came into being. From 1940-1945 P&W committed its engineering efforts to winning World War II, but when the war was over, P&W found itself on the outside of the gas turbine market, which was capably being served by General Electric and Westinghouse. How P&W emerged from being five years behind the competition in 1945 to a position of dominance ten years later is an exciting story of technical risk-taking and "betting the farm" on success.
Frederick Rentschler, who founded P&W with George Mead, believed that 75 percent of the progress in aviation was due to engine technology. This book shows how P&W gave credibility to such a statement.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781600867118 |
---|---|
Publisher: | AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics) |
Publication date: | 12/01/2009 |
Pages: | 548 |
Product dimensions: | 6.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.20(d) |
About the Author
Jack Connors joined Pratt & Whitney in 1948, following three years in the Army Air Corps in World War II, and his graduation from MIT with an MS in Mechanical Engineering. His 35-year career at P&W included engineering, domestic and international marketing, and program management. He was East Hartford Engineering's representative working with the Air Force in the F100 engine competition to assist P&W's Florida Research & Development Center's efforts. He was in charge of the marketing campaigns that launched the Boeing 767 at United Air Lines and the Airbus A310 at SwissAir with the JT9D engine. His last assignment was representing P&W's Commercial Products Division in creating the International Aero Engines collaboration. He retired in 1983 as Vice President of Advanced Engine Programs. Since then, he has been a consultant to P&W and International Aero Engines, and an active volunteer as an engine curator and a fundraiser for the New England Air Museum. The Connecticut Society of Professional Engineers named him the Engineer of the Year Award in 1987 for his volunteer work on acid-rain monitoring in Connecticut. To resurrect the dormant P&W Archives and develop a computer database of its contents, he worked with another volunteer for over seven years, an effort that made it possible to write this book.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Pre-Flight Briefing 1
Introduction 1
How the Marketplace Changed Since 1925 1
Pratt & Whitney's Five Defining Moments 8
Pratt & Whitney's Founders 9
The Founding of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company 12
The R-1340 Wasp Joins the Navy and Air Mail Service 16
The Formation of United Aircraft & Transport Corporation 18
The Break Up of UA&TC 19
Pratt & Whitney's Great Contribution in World War II 22
The Aircraft Gas Turbine Business after World War II 23
Rentschler's Accomplishments 27
Rentschler's Final Years 28
References 28
Chapter 2 The Early Years 31
George Mead and His First Pratt & Whitney Engine 31
Liquid-Cooled Engines 32
Air-Cooled Engines 33
Summary of Aircraft Engine Growth 47
George Mead and the T-Engine 48
Mead and Willgoos Design the Wasp in 1925 50
Mead Flies with Wasp on Mail Routes 57
Epilogue for George J. Mead 58
References 60
Chapter 3 The Later Piston Engine Years 61
Introduction 61
Hobbs Reveals the Secret of Success 63
Succession of Pratt & Whitney Engines 64
The Wasp and the Hornet 67
Roles of Wasp and Hornet in International Commercial Aviation 79
Wasp and Hornet Engines Are Refined 82
The Contributions of Two Engineers 120
References 123
Chapter 4 The Piston Engine Experience 125
Introduction 125
Pratt & Whitney Flight Test Organization 125
R-4360 Test Flight 127
R-4360 Flies from Hawaii to Chicago 129
R-1830 Brings the Crew in Safely 130
R-1830 and Superchargers 132
Life as a Test Engineer 134
R-2800C Program 136
Controllable-Pitch Propeller 137
R-2800-32W's Rough Idle 138
R-1830s and the Luftwaffe 138
R-1830 Bearing Problem139
R-1535 and Howard Hughes 141
Boeing 247's Wasp Engine Whine 142
Pratt & Whitney Engines with Fuel Injection 143
Liquid-Cooled Engines-Side Trip to Nowhere 145
Looking Back on Piston Engine Development 149
Final Observations on Piston Engines 157
References 159
Chapter 5 Transition To Gas Turbines 161
Looking Back 161
Beginnings of PT1 162
PT1 Program 167
Hobbs Moves to Gas Turbines 172
PT2 Program Begins 176
PT2 in the Lockheed Constellation 182
Two Engineers Rise to Prominence at Pratt & Whitney 182
References 186
Chapter 6 WWII Ends and Turbojet Development Begins 189
Pratt & Whitney Service Organization 189
Army and Navy Engine Training School 192
Turbojet Development Begins 196
American Companies Enter the Jet Age 197
European Development 199
Pratt & Whitney's First Turbojet Success 203
The J48 (JT7) 208
References 214
Chapter 7 Birth of the Two-Spool Turbojet 215
Introduction 215
Genesis of the J57 216
Meeting the Challenge of Creating Enough Propulsion 219
Concerns Regarding High-Pressure-Ratio Compressors 221
Technical Concerns of a Twin-Spool Turbojet 221
Air Force Approval for PT4 to JT3 Switch 223
Description of JT3-8 224
Description of the JT3-10 226
Soderberg Recommends a New Start 227
JT3A with a Wasp Waist Design 229
The J57 in the B-52 238
JT3 Commercial Derivative 252
Hobbs' Reflections on the Dawn of the Jet Age 254
References 255
Chapter 8 Four Moreturbojets 257
Introduction 257
J75 (JT4) Twin-Spool Turbojet 257
J52 (JT8) 270
J91 (JT9) 279
J60 (JT12) Turbojet 285
References 290
Chapter 9 Transition To Turbofans 291
Introduction 291
Birth of the Turbofan 291
T57/PT5-Pratt & Whitney's Most Powerful Turboprop 293
JT10 Afterburning Turbo-fan 294
JT3D/TF33-Turbofan Fever Fuels Innovation 296
Three Programs Herald the Future 310
Suntan Project 310
Conclusion 317
References 317
Chapter 10 Higher and Faster 319
Introduction 319
RL10 Program 319
J58-Growing Mach Capability 321
Liquid Air Condensing Engine (LACE) 333
Florida Research & Development Center 334
References 339
Chapter 11 Going Commercial 341
Introduction 341
Origin of the TF30 (JTF10A) 341
JT8D-Feet First into Commercial Service 348
40 Years in Service 364
References 366
Chapter 12 Challenges and New Turbofans 367
Introduction 367
Supporting Activities for Changing Times 367
Developing Space Technology 373
Developing New Engine Technology 377
Supersonic Transport Engine Program 379
F100-The Ultimate Military Engine 382
The Great Engine War 393
The Battle Won 395
References 395
Chapter 13 High-Bypass Fans 397
Introduction 397
Light Weight Gas Generator (LWGG) Program 397
C-5 Engine Program 399
Path to the JT9D Program 403
JT9D Program for Boeing's 747 Begins 405
JT9D Engine Description 409
Synopsis of the First 16 Months in the Air 414
Evolution of the JT9D Family 415
Adventures in Marketing 417
References 424
Chapter 14 The Modern Era 427
Introduction 427
JT10D Path to the PW-2037 427
Evolution of the B-757 and PW2037 434
International Aero Engines (IAE) and the V2500 439
PW4000 Series of High-Bypass Engines 442
Engines Following the PW4000 447
PW6000 448
What Became of the F100? 451
F119-Advances in Engine Development 452
Integrated Product Development (IPD) 458
Thrust Vectoring 463
F135-How Times Have Changed 464
PW1000G 469
Advances in Engine Technology 472
References 472
Chapter 15 Looking Back 80 Years 473
Aviation in History 473
Collier Awards as Overview of Aviation History 474
Piston Engine Era 474
Gas Turbine Engine Era 476
Progress in Airframe Technology 478
Airframe's Demand for Power 481
Progress in Engine Technology 483
Progress in Engine Controls 492
Then and Now 496
Pratt & Whitney's Finest Moments 496
Rentschler's Legacy 500
References 502
Appendix: Pratt & Whitney Medallion 503
Afterword 505
Early Influences 505
Early Days at Pratt & Whitney 506
Engine Reliability-The Key to Commercial Success 507
Propulsion Paradigm Shift 507
Meeting the Inventors 508
Golden Eagles 510
Closing Comments 511
Index 513
Supporting Materials 529