The Gift of Science: Leibniz and the Modern Legal Tradition

by Roger Berkowitz

Overview

The front pages of our newspapers and the lead stories on the evening news bear witness to the divorce of law from justice. The rich and famous get away with murder; Fortune 500 corporations operate sweatshops with impunity; blue-chip energy companies that spoil the environment and sicken communities face mere fines that don't dent profits. In The Gift of Science, a bold, revisionist account of 300 years of jurisprudence, Roger Berkowitz looks beyond these headlines to explore the historical and philosophical roots of our current legal and ethical crisis.

Moving from the scientific revolution to the nineteenth-century rise of legal codes, Berkowitz tells the story of how lawyers and philosophers invented legal science to preserve law's claim to moral authority. The "gift" of science, however, proved bittersweet. Instead of strengthening the bond between law and justice, the subordination of law to science transformed law from an ethical order into a tool for social and economic ends. Drawing on major figures from the traditions of law, philosophy, and history, The Gift of Science is not only a mesmerizing and original intellectual history of law; it shows how modern law remains imprisoned by a failed scientific metaphysics.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674018730
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	10/30/2005
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	234
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.25(h) x 0.75(d)

About the Author

Roger Berkowitz is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Studies and Human Rights at Bard College.

Table of Contents

Preface

Note on Terminology

Introduction. Legal Codification, Positive Law, and the Question of Science

Part I: From Insight to Science: Leibniz's Scientific Foundation of Justice

Introduction

1. Beyond Geometry: Leibniz and the Science of Law

2. The Force of Law: Will

3. Leibniz's "Systema Iuris"

Conclusion

Part II: The Allgemeine Landrecht: From Recht to Gesetz

Introduction

4. From the Gesetzbuch to the Landrecht: The ALR and the Triumph of Legality

5. The Rule of Law: The Crown Prince Lectures and the Grounding of Legality in Order and Security

What People are Saying About This

Roger Berkowitz presents a provocative intellectual history of the idea of legal science in Germany from Leibnitz to the great codification of German private law. Arguing that law in the modern era has undergone a momentous transformation, he suggestively ties together Leibniz's hitherto almost ignored legal writings, the rise of the notion of positive law grounded in will, the controversy about codification, and the reconceptualization of law as the product of a special kind of science. Berkowitz's account will fascinate both those interested in law's past and those concerned about law's present.

Drucilla Cornell

Berkowitz has written a brilliant and original book that reframes both the history and conceptualization of positive law. By showing how positive law has its origins in the scientific revolution he forces philosophers to rethink the very essence of modern law. His historical account of how positive law develops out of Leibniz's philosophy as a scientific legal system based on legitimating rules and procedures is elegantly written and analytically precise. The Gift of Science is a book that bridges the gap between analytic and continental philosophies of law. No one interested in the intersection of law, philosophy, sociology, and history can afford to ignore this book.
— Drucilla Cornell, Rutgers University

Ernest J. Weinrib

Roger Berkowitz presents a provocative intellectual history of the idea of legal science in Germany from Leibnitz to the great codification of German private law. Arguing that law in the modern era has undergone a momentous transformation, he suggestively ties together Leibniz's hitherto almost ignored legal writings, the rise of the notion of positive law grounded in will, the controversy about codification, and the reconceptualization of law as the product of a special kind of science. Berkowitz's account will fascinate both those interested in law's past and those concerned about law's present.
— Ernest J. Weinrib, University of Toronto

Lindsay Farmer

A readable and challenging account of the modern German legal tradition, focusing in particular on the attempts of jurists from Leibniz onwards to establish rational and scientific grounds for understanding and justifying law.
— Lindsay Farmer, University of Glasgow School of Law

Anthony Sebok

Berkowitz's analysis of the ultimate failure of the Leibnizian project, and the pitfalls of the codification movement in the 19th Century, is rich with lessons for modern American liberal jurisprudential theory.
— Anthony Sebok, Brooklyn Law School

Uday Singh Mehta

This is a remarkably courageous book because it unwaveringly stays with fundamental questions about the nature of justice, without allowing issues of law, fairness, efficiency or legitimacy to serve as adequate substitutes for pursuing such questions. Berkowitz's intellectual courage is supported by a superb intelligence and a wide-ranging erudition.
— Uday Singh Mehta, Amherst College

Editorial Reviews

Roger Berkowitz, in his The Gift of Science, argues that Leibniz gave us the gift of modern legal science...Readers interested in philosophy, political theory, and legal theory will find in The Gift of Science a provocative and stimulating account of the nitty-gritty dynamics by which modern legal science became what it is. The book is written with clarity and rigor, it is erudite and forcefully argued, and provides a powerful defense of the importance of the metaphysical conceptions at work in what look to be the more mundane aspects of our lives.

Foundations of Political Theory - Dan Silver

In his highly erudite new book, Roger Berkowitz identifies a fundamental problem at the heart of the modern legal order: we no longer connect law with justice in a meaningful way...The range and difficulty of the material that Berkowitz examines in his account of codification is extraordinary...He provides careful readings of primary texts both famous and obscure, supporting his conclusions with his own translations from the original Latin, German, and French texts. The display of learning and the detailed analyses make for an impressive package.

Law & Politics Book Review - Keith J. Bybee

Roger Berkowitz presents a provocative intellectual history of the idea of legal science in Germany from Leibnitz to the great codification of German private law. Arguing that law in the modern era has undergone a momentous transformation, he suggestively ties together Leibniz's hitherto almost ignored legal writings, the rise of the notion of positive law grounded in will, the controversy about codification, and the reconceptualization of law as the product of a special kind of science. Berkowitz's account will fascinate both those interested in law's past and those concerned about law's present.

Ernest J. Weinrib

Animating Berkowitz's book is his profound concern that law has abandoned justice as its fundamental aspiration. Once the embodiment of humanity's highest moral ideals, the law has become a mere tool for the pursuit of social and economic interests. This insightful and provocative history of modern legal science aims to explain how this fundamental change in the nature of law occurred. Berkowitz argues that this transformation was ultimately the result of Leibniz's attempt to save law from a crisis of authority by bringing it within the scope of his scientific metaphysics...Berkowitz's narrative encourages a new understanding of the nature of modern legal positivism. Having lost its traditional foundations in natural law, religion, and custom, the essence of modern positive law is its need for scientific justification. Berkowitz's account of the transformation of law from a moral entity into a technical object explains why contemporary jurists tend to disregard the ontological question of law—what is law?—and, at the same time, provides an urgent reminder that this question cannot be ignored.

Review of Metaphysics - Michael B. Mathias

Berkowitz has written a brilliant and original book that reframes both the history and conceptualization of positive law. By showing how positive law has its origins in the scientific revolution he forces philosophers to rethink the very essence of modern law. His historical account of how positive law develops out of Leibniz's philosophy as a scientific legal system based on legitimating rules and procedures is elegantly written and analytically precise. The Gift of Science is a book that bridges the gap between analytic and continental philosophies of law. No one interested in the intersection of law, philosophy, sociology, and history can afford to ignore this book.

Drucilla Cornell

Berkowitz's analysis of the ultimate failure of the Leibnizian project, and the pitfalls of the codification movement in the 19th Century, is rich with lessons for modern American liberal jurisprudential theory.

Anthony Sebok

This is a remarkably courageous book because it unwaveringly stays with fundamental questions about the nature of justice, without allowing issues of law, fairness, efficiency or legitimacy to serve as adequate substitutes for pursuing such questions. Berkowitz's intellectual courage is supported by a superb intelligence and a wide-ranging erudition.

Uday Singh Mehta

What Berkowitz has done is to contribute to a fuller appreciation of Leibniz' astounding genius by illuminating this other unknown area of his endeavour: the philosophy of law...I recommend it highly.

Philosophy in Review - Eike-Henner W. Kluge

A readable and challenging account of the modern German legal tradition, focusing in particular on the attempts of jurists from Leibniz onwards to establish rational and scientific grounds for understanding and justifying law.

Lindsay Farmer

What Berkowitz has done is to contribute to a fuller appreciation of Leibniz' astounding genius by illuminating this other unknown area of his endeavour: the philosophy of law...I recommend it highly.
— Eike-Henner W. Kluge

Philosophy in Review

Animating Berkowitz's book is his profound concern that law has abandoned justice as its fundamental aspiration. Once the embodiment of humanity's highest moral ideals, the law has become a mere tool for the pursuit of social and economic interests. This insightful and provocative history of modern legal science aims to explain how this fundamental change in the nature of law occurred. Berkowitz argues that this transformation was ultimately the result of Leibniz's attempt to save law from a crisis of authority by bringing it within the scope of his scientific metaphysics...Berkowitz's narrative encourages a new understanding of the nature of modern legal positivism. Having lost its traditional foundations in natural law, religion, and custom, the essence of modern positive law is its need for scientific justification. Berkowitz's account of the transformation of law from a moral entity into a technical object explains why contemporary jurists tend to disregard the ontological question of law—what is law?—and, at the same time, provides an urgent reminder that this question cannot be ignored.
— Michael B. Mathias

Review of Metaphysics

In his highly erudite new book, Roger Berkowitz identifies a fundamental problem at the heart of the modern legal order: we no longer connect law with justice in a meaningful way...The range and difficulty of the material that Berkowitz examines in his account of codification is extraordinary...He provides careful readings of primary texts both famous and obscure, supporting his conclusions with his own translations from the original Latin, German, and French texts. The display of learning and the detailed analyses make for an impressive package.

— Keith J. Bybee

Law & Politics Book Review

Roger Berkowitz, in his The Gift of Science, argues that Leibniz gave us the gift of modern legal science...Readers interested in philosophy, political theory, and legal theory will find in The Gift of Science a provocative and stimulating account of the nitty-gritty dynamics by which modern legal science became what it is. The book is written with clarity and rigor, it is erudite and forcefully argued, and provides a powerful defense of the importance of the metaphysical conceptions at work in what look to be the more mundane aspects of our lives.
— Dan Silver

Foundations of Political Theory

Roger Berkowitz's book is one of the richest guides available in English to German legal thought from the mid-17th to the early 19th century, a crucial period in the origins of modern law, not least because of the powerful radiance of the German example elsewhere. A model of philosophically inspired intellectual history, Berkowitz's book issure to inspire continuing debate.-Samuel Moyn

Berkowitz offers not only a necessary rethinking of Leibniz's legal thought, but also a tremendously insightful and nuanced account of the intellectual history of modern codification and legal positivism.-Karl Shoemaker

Provides a radical critique of legal positivism from the perspective of intellectual history. Focusing on little known work by Liebniz, Berkowitz traces the complex history and the multiple meanings of science and positivity.-Peter Goodrich

From the Publisher

Provides a radical critique of legal positivism from the perspective of intellectual history. Focusing on little known work by Liebniz, Berkowitz traces the complex history and the multiple meanings of science and positivity.

Cardozo School of Law - Peter Goodrich

An extremely original treatment of the 18th century codification movement as an attempt to find a rational, non-religious ground for law. Clearly and elegantly written, it makes insightful and unique connections between the scientific revolution and the codification movement.

Quinnipiac University School of Law - Linda Meyer

Roger Berkowitz's book is one of the richest guides available in English to German legal thought from the mid-17th to the early 19th century, a crucial period in the origins of modern law, not least because of the powerful radiance of the German example elsewhere. A model of philosophically inspired intellectual history, Berkowitz's book is sure to inspire continuing debate.

Columbia University - Samuel Moyn

Offers careful, erudite translations of key texts in jurisprudence as well as original interpretations of such works that realign the larger disciplinary field toward proper understanding of the essential debates within law and philosophy.

Illinois State University - Kenneth Michael Panfilio

Berkowitz offers not only a necessary rethinking of Leibniz’s legal thought, but also a tremendously insightful and nuanced account of the intellectual history of modern codification and legal positivism.

University of Wisconsin, Madison - Karl Shoemaker