The High School: Sports, Spirit, and Citizens, 1903-2024
High school yearbooks provide both a vivid snapshot of student life and a reflection of what the adults in the community valued the most. For instance, athletics are often covered more than academics, and boys’ sports routinely receive more attention than girls’ sports. But how have those values changed over time?
 
In The High School, acclaimed sociologist Michael A. Messner reads through 120 years of El Gabilan, the yearbook from his own alma mater, Salinas High School in California, where his father taught and coached. Treating the yearbooks as a historical archive, Messner makes surprising discoveries about the school he thought he knew so well. For example, over fifty years before Title IX, the earliest yearbooks gave equal spotlights to boys’ and girls’ athletics, while the cheerleaders were all boys.
 
Tracing American life and culture from 1903 to 2024, Messner illuminates shifts in social practices at his high school that reflect broader changes in American culture across the twentieth century. The High School spotlights how the meanings and iconography of certain activities have changed radically over the decades, even as the “sports spirit complex”—involving athletes, cheerleaders, band members, and community boosters—has remained a central part of the high school experience. By exploring evolving sports cultures, socioeconomic conditions, racial demographics, and gender norms, Messner offers a fresh perspective on a defining feature of American teenage life.
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The High School: Sports, Spirit, and Citizens, 1903-2024
High school yearbooks provide both a vivid snapshot of student life and a reflection of what the adults in the community valued the most. For instance, athletics are often covered more than academics, and boys’ sports routinely receive more attention than girls’ sports. But how have those values changed over time?
 
In The High School, acclaimed sociologist Michael A. Messner reads through 120 years of El Gabilan, the yearbook from his own alma mater, Salinas High School in California, where his father taught and coached. Treating the yearbooks as a historical archive, Messner makes surprising discoveries about the school he thought he knew so well. For example, over fifty years before Title IX, the earliest yearbooks gave equal spotlights to boys’ and girls’ athletics, while the cheerleaders were all boys.
 
Tracing American life and culture from 1903 to 2024, Messner illuminates shifts in social practices at his high school that reflect broader changes in American culture across the twentieth century. The High School spotlights how the meanings and iconography of certain activities have changed radically over the decades, even as the “sports spirit complex”—involving athletes, cheerleaders, band members, and community boosters—has remained a central part of the high school experience. By exploring evolving sports cultures, socioeconomic conditions, racial demographics, and gender norms, Messner offers a fresh perspective on a defining feature of American teenage life.
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The High School: Sports, Spirit, and Citizens, 1903-2024

The High School: Sports, Spirit, and Citizens, 1903-2024

by Michael A. Messner
The High School: Sports, Spirit, and Citizens, 1903-2024

The High School: Sports, Spirit, and Citizens, 1903-2024

by Michael A. Messner

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Overview

High school yearbooks provide both a vivid snapshot of student life and a reflection of what the adults in the community valued the most. For instance, athletics are often covered more than academics, and boys’ sports routinely receive more attention than girls’ sports. But how have those values changed over time?
 
In The High School, acclaimed sociologist Michael A. Messner reads through 120 years of El Gabilan, the yearbook from his own alma mater, Salinas High School in California, where his father taught and coached. Treating the yearbooks as a historical archive, Messner makes surprising discoveries about the school he thought he knew so well. For example, over fifty years before Title IX, the earliest yearbooks gave equal spotlights to boys’ and girls’ athletics, while the cheerleaders were all boys.
 
Tracing American life and culture from 1903 to 2024, Messner illuminates shifts in social practices at his high school that reflect broader changes in American culture across the twentieth century. The High School spotlights how the meanings and iconography of certain activities have changed radically over the decades, even as the “sports spirit complex”—involving athletes, cheerleaders, band members, and community boosters—has remained a central part of the high school experience. By exploring evolving sports cultures, socioeconomic conditions, racial demographics, and gender norms, Messner offers a fresh perspective on a defining feature of American teenage life.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781978839557
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Publication date: 03/11/2025
Series: Critical Issues in Sport and Society
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 340
File size: 180 MB
Note: This product may take a few minutes to download.

About the Author

MICHAEL A. MESSNER is a professor emeritus of sociology and gender studies at the University of Southern California. He is the author of such works as Power at Play and Taking the Field. This is his twentieth book.

Table of Contents

Introduction

1. “All prejudices have been swept away”: 1903-1925

2. Football heroes and girls with pep: 1926-1946

3. Pageants of gender: 1947-1974

4. Boom, bust, and Purple Pride: 1975-1999

5. “Who runs this world?”: 2000-2024

6. Conclusion: Paradoxes of progress

Appendix: High school yearbooks as personal and cultural memory

Acknowledgments

References

Notes

Index


introduction 1

Chapter 1 “All Prejudices Have Been Swept Away”: 1903–1925 23

Chapter 2 Football Heroes and Girls with “Pep”: 1926–1946 57

Chapter 3 Pageants of Gender: 1947–1974 103

Chapter 4 Boom, Bust, and Purple Pride: 1975–1999 159

Chapter 5 “Who Runs This World?”: 2000–2024 207

Conclusion: Paradoxes of Pro gress 257

appendix: high school yearbooks as

personal and cultural memory 267

acknowledgments 277

notes 281

references 305

index 000

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