The Lost Journalism of Ring Lardner
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The Lost Journalism of Ring Lardner
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Overview
Ring Lardner’s influence on American letters is arguably greater than that of any other American writer in the early part of the twentieth century. Lauded by critics and the public for his groundbreaking short stories, Lardner was also the country’s best-known journalist in the 1920s and early 1930s, when his voice was all but inescapable in American newspapers and magazines. Lardner’s trenchant, observant, sly, and cynical writing style, along with a deep understanding of human foibles, made his articles wonderfully readable and his words resonate to this day. Ron Rapoport has gathered the best of Lardner’s journalism from his earliest days at the South Bend Times through his years at the Chicago Tribune and his weekly column for the Bell Syndicate, which appeared in 150 newspapers and reached eight million readers. In these columns Lardner not only covered the great sporting events of the era—from Jack Dempsey’s fights to the World Series and even an America’s Cup—he also wrote about politics, war, and Prohibition, as well as parodies, poems, and penetrating observations on American life.The Lost Journalism of Ring Lardner reintroduces this journalistic giant and his work and shows Lardner to be the rarest of writers: a spot-on chronicler of his time and place who remains contemporary to subsequent generations.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780803269736 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Nebraska |
| Publication date: | 01/01/2017 |
| Pages: | 592 |
| Product dimensions: | 6.30(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.80(d) |
About the Author
Ring Lardner (1885–1933) was one of the most popular and innovative American writers of the early twentieth century. He influenced many writers who followed, with his acute observations winning praise from Hemingway, Woolf, Fitzgerald, and Wilson and his short stories remain popular a century later. Ron Rapoport was a sports columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times and the Los Angeles Daily News and is the author of numerous books about sports and show business. In 2016 he was awarded the Ring Lardner Award for Excellence in Sports Journalism. James Lardner is a writer and political activist who lives outside Washington DC.
Read an Excerpt
The Lost Journalism of Ring Lardner
By Ring Lardner, Ron Rapoport
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS
Copyright © 2017 Board of Regents of the University of NebraskaAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-8032-6973-6
CHAPTER 1
Getting Started
Ring Lardner got his first newspaper job, so the story goes, when the editor of the South Bend Times came to his home in Niles, Michigan, in 1905, looking for his brother. Rex Lardner, who was four years older than Ring, had established himself at the Niles Daily Sun and Edgar Stoll, the Times' editor, wanted to hire him. But Rex was out of town and Stoll asked Ring whether Rex had a contract with the Niles paper.
"I said yes, which was the truth," Lardner wrote years later. "I asked how much salary he was willing to offer. He said twelve dollars a week. Why? 'Oh,' I said, 'I thought I might tackle the job myself.'" When Stoll asked if he had any writing experience, Lardner said he often helped Rex, which was, he admitted, "far from the truth."
Lardner, who had failed at a number of jobs, and not enjoyed any of them, was then working as a meter reader and collector of bad debts for the Niles Gas Company. ("I never heard of any good ones," he wrote.) He was ready for something more interesting and was not about to let the truth get in his way. The following week, he reported for work at the Times, where, for twelve dollars a week, he covered everything from high school sports to Notre Dame football, with some general news, court reporting, and society and theater news thrown in. He never received a byline but it was the best on-the-job training a twenty-year-old reporter could have had.
Though his writing for the Times was competent enough for a beginner, it seldom gave any indication of the imagination he would apply in the future. One exception was a roundup of the previous year's sports news that appeared on New Year's Day, 1907. The first sentence showed he meant to have fun and he kept his tongue firmly in cheek throughout.
Lardner would summon up the memory of his days in South Bend a few years later in articles he wrote for the Chicago Tribune — his first "Memoirs of a Baseball Scribe" is one example — just as he wrote a number of pieces about leaving South Bend for Chicago, as shown in the second "Memoirs of a Baseball Scribe." And he would summarize the origins of his career in a nutshell in the poem preceding this section that appears to have run only in the Omaha World-Herald, which ran nearly all of his Bell Syndicate columns.
Lardner's first job in the big city was with the Chicago Inter-Ocean, where he wrote his first article on major-league baseball in 1908: "Twenty-Six Cubs Will Be Taken On Southern Journey." He does not appear to have met any of these Cubs, nor would he write about them again until the following year when he was at the Tribune. But the article is noteworthy on two accounts. First, it adopts the jocular tone he would seldom abandon in the future when writing about baseball — Vicksburgers and Vicksburgerines, indeed — and second, a look at the Cubs' roster in the closing paragraphs gives an indication of what Lardner and his readers were in for.
These were the Cubs of Tinker to Evers to Chance. They had played in the last three World Series, and won the last two, and were the reigning lords of the game. But beyond that, the team contained some great characters who soon came to enjoy Lardner's dry wit as much as he enjoyed them. Players like Frank Schulte, Jim Schekard, Heine Zimmerman, Mordecai Brown, and others were story-tellers, practical jokers, poker players, drinkers, and all-around good companions who made numerous appearances in Lardner's work. The players and reporters mixed freely on their long train rides together and Lardner took copious mental notes.
Nor did the players seems to object when Lardner made them figures of fun in print. They enjoyed his satirical parodies of popular songs, which he sang while accompanying himself on the piano, and regarded him as one of them. It may have been for the best, however, that the St. Louis Browns had left the Cubs' spring-training site in West Baden, Indiana, before Lardner wrote of their best pitcher: "Rube Waddell left in his wake various broken hearts and bottles." Lardner's description of the first game ever played at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh shows he could also write a sweetly evocative piece when called upon, while his story on the Cubs winning the 1910 National League pennant demonstrated the creativity that would always be one of his hallmarks.
Looking for more money — and, as he was about to be married, a less itinerant life-style — Lardner left Chicago late in 1910 to work for The Sporting News in St. Louis. He lasted there only three months before leaving in a dispute with his bosses, but he made the most of them, turning out 10 "Pullman Pastimes," which gave his first extended look at the lives of ballplayers and reporters on the road. As such, they provided the template for the short stories that would make him famous. He then moved to the Boston American where he covered the Boston Rustlers — they would become the Braves the following season — who had yet another colorful bunch of players.
Another disagreement with management led to Lardner's resignation during the 1911 World Series and he returned to Chicago. He was twenty-six years old and had worked at five different newspapers. It had been a remarkable apprenticeship, one that pointed him in the direction of bigger and better things.
South Bend Has Cause to Be Proud of Athletic Record the Past Year
South Bend Times, January 1, 1907
Looking back over the past year local followers of sport have three things to be thankful for. There were no fake fights pulled off in our midst, the High school football team went through the season with no deaths and only one defeat and the South Bend ball club did not run absolutely last. For the first of these sources of gratefulness, let us extend a vote of heartfelt thanks to the local promoters of pugilism, who have booked very few matches; for the second to the High school football team itself for its great and successful fight for the sectional championship; and, for the last, to the Terre Haute club, which absolutely refused to give up its hold on the cellar door.
There are also manifold matters of deep regret to the heart of the true sport lover, but these we will pass over in brief, since it is not good for the heart to be sorrowful at the opening of the new year. For one thing the tennis championship of Navarre Place was never satisfactorily settled. There were innumerable claimants of the honor, as there are of every championship title, but on the showing of all the wielders of the racket north of the bridge, it would be unfair to single out anyone as being superior to his neighbors. The bait casting club has not held its regular meetings for some time and there is really no telling whether or not it has breathed its last. The tournament arranged with Kalamazoo which was to have taken place last summer has been postponed until the 22nd of August 1952 and the locals are already hard at work in preparation.
The career of the 1906 South Bend baseball team is as a sad tragedy, which we will call "The Broken Elevator." For some reason or other, the promoters of the play lost sight of the plot and allowed several villains to make their entrance at the wrong time and break up the action. These same villains were originally slated to appear in the role of heroes and their sudden change of heart was thus rendered all the more grievous. One of them was found guilty and sent to the reformatory at Grand Rapids, while another waived arraignment, pled guilty and is now serving a life sentence in the Three I league. The Grand Rapids prisoner has visited here twice on parole since his conviction and on both occasions, proved that he had entirely reformed and was leading a model life.
When the villains got in their cruel work, the play was running most smoothly, having only the production led by Actor Ganzet to cope with. The climax did not come all at once, but in chunks of a little at a time, until the damage was done and the stage too hot to hold the offenders. However, the chance for revenge has not passed forever and we all take comfort in the time-worn adage "He who laughs at the finish, laughs like — —.
Begging your pardon for switching figures, the South Bend ship sank gradually until it struck what it thought was bottom. This afterwards proved to be merely the hull of another ship which had suffered a like fate and was covering the whole bed of the sea. For some time after the first sinking, those on shore daily cast anxious glances at the surface of the water and hoped against hope that the masts would be seen to rise again. But there was nothing doing in the rescue line and the life saving crew was powerless to give sufficient aid.
However, to the cheerful among the owners of the South Bend ship there is ground for consolation in the fact that some parts of the vessel were not hurt by the wreck at all ...
The high school football team of 1906 will be looked back to for many seasons by the members of elevens to come, with reverence and pride. The boys, under the skillful coaching of Donald DeShane and the captaincy of Otis Romine, swept everything before them with the exception of the teams representing Winona and the High school of a hamlet known as Niles. The only defeat of the season was suffered at the hands of the Winona aggregation, which is recognized as being in a higher class than the average high school team. The locals did not have their full strength in the contest with Niles, although the last named team was not one to be sneezed at by any means.
The Notre Dame football eleven was one of the best in the history of the college and this after a discouraging outlook at the opening of the season. The success of the gold and blue is due to the clever drilling of Coach Barry and the presence on the team of three or four stars of the first water. A victory over Purdue and a great fight against the Indiana team1 are among the team's achievements. Judging by the comparative scores, Notre Dame ranked well in Western football and the students are looking forward to a state champion eleven next fall.
The lack of snow last winter was fatal to the racing game in this city, as there is no track where summer racing can be held. If the plans of many of South Bend's leading citizens do not go amiss, there will soon be a driving park in this city and the regular summer meetings will become a feature of local sport.
Rowing races in South Bend are mostly indulged in by teams of opposite sexes, which makes the sport doubly interesting, but precludes the possibility of making public the records. Boat races are numerous on the old St. Joe in the warm summer evenings and slow races have become quite a fad among the rowers.
Bowling has made rapid strides during the past twelvemonth and is now at its zenith in this city. The formation of the Elks' and Antlers' leagues has done much to bring the sport to its present place of popularity and there has not been any flagging of interest in these organizations since the season opened. The bowling stars of former years have maintained their reputations and others, unknown previously to the sport, have come forward to take their places in the front ranks. Among the latter class are Chief of Police James McWeeny, for whom an average of 115 is now a mere bagatelle, and F.E. Hering, who rolls 233 in one game and, then, feeling sorry for his less fortunate competitors, drops to 98 in the next.
Golf has taken its regular place among the summer sports and its advance must be attributed partly to the efforts of Harry S. Turple, who instructs the members of the St. Joseph Valley Country club in the Scotch game. His able tutelage has aided many of the golfers to play a greatly improved game and as a result, to take much more interest in the sport.
That chess and checker records are not available is to be regretted. Playing the slot machines was very popular at an earlier season of the year, but has fallen off a trifle in the last two or three weeks. Curling is confined mostly to daintily scented boudoirs, although we have heard some curlers on the street.
Memoirs of a Baseball Scribe (Part 1)
Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1915
Grand Rapids had a third baseman who thought that water was created for chasing purposes only. But for his insatiable thirst for something stronger this man would have been in a big league — a star in it, too. He might even have "gone up" if he could have got enough liquid refreshment at night. But no; he had to have it in the morning, which, as every ball player is supposed to know, is unethical.
He had a whip of steel and a fast ball as smoky as most pitchers'. He preferred warming up with some catcher to practicing in his regular position.
South Bend, where I first reported the pastime for gain, had two press tables. They were in front of the grandstand, on the field. Mine was a few feet from the visitors' bench and the rival sheet's close to the home dugout.
John Ganzel's Grand Rapids team came down for a series and the third baseman proceeded to light himself up the minute the club got in town. By game time he was so bad that Ganzel wouldn't allow him to play. Being near the Grand Rapids bench, I heard the torrid dialogue between manager and man. Ganzel came over to me at length and asked that I print nothing about the matter. Being agreeable in those days, I promised to pass the story up.
The rival sheet's reporter, however, had no such request from Ganzel and ran half a column of the stuff, with pictures. It was in his paper the next afternoon.
The afternoon after the next afternoon I took my place as usual and proceeded to write down the batting order in my massive score book. I was interrupted by a sharp pain in the shin. A ball had struck me, and the ball had been thrown by the steel whip of the Grand Rapids third baseman. He was doing his customary warmup stunt and one of his shots had escaped his catcher.
The catcher, Dan Howley, was standing directly in front of me, not ten feet distant.
"Move over a little, will you?" I said. "I don't want to get killed."
Dan moved to a position which made mine safe except from a ball thrown deliberately at me.
And right away there was a ball thrown deliberately at me.
I ducked and the ball whistled past my ear.
"What are you trying to do?" I yelled at the third sacker.
"You'll find out if you set there long enough," he said.
The ball had bounded back off the screen and he had recovered it. Taking careful aim, he shot at me again. Howley was quick enough to get his glove in front of the ball and divert its course.
"Cut it out, — !" said Howley. "You'll get in trouble."
"I don't care if I hang," said — —. "I'm goin' to get that bird."
Howley picked up the ball and held it. The third baseman went to the bench to secure another ball. Failing to find one, he grabbed a bat and let fly. The missile fell short.
"Give me that ball," I said to Howley.
Howley gave me the ball and, standing up, I threw it as hard as I could at my friend. If it had hit him in a vulnerable spot it might have hurt him. But he caught it in his bare hand and it came back several times as fast as it had gone. It missed target by inches.
Ganzel and the other Grand Rapids players were returning to the bench from their practice. I summoned Ganzel.
"— — is pegging at me," I said. "You'd better make him cut it out."
— — came over to the table.
"This is the guy [he didn't say guy] that knocked me in the paper," he said.
Howley interposed.
"No, it ain't," he said. "It was the other fella."
"It don't make no difference," said — —. "They're all alike."
"You lay off'n my ball players!" said Mr. Ganzel.
"It was the other fella," repeated Howley.
"Whoever it was," said, Mr. Ganzel, "you lay off'n my ball players or you'll get killed. I'll do it myself."
Grand Rapids had lost two straight.
"The next time you tell me not to print a story I'll run it on the first page," I said.
"You do and see what happens to you," said Mr. Ganzel. "I got a notion to fix you now."
The arrival of Chief McWeeny (Jim) and a short speech by him saved my young life.
I shed few tears when — — guzzled himself out of baseball and when Manager Ganzel suffered worse than death — the management at Cincinnati.
Lardner told this story somewhat differently for a 1931 article in the Saturday Evening Post. In that version the aggrieved player became angry when Lardner, the game's official scorer, called an error on what he insisted was a hit.
Memoirs of a Baseball Scribe (Part 2)
Chicago Tribune, July 28, 1915
There came a day in the late summer of 1907 when I was taken violently ill with big league fever.
"I'm going to Chicago for Labor day," I told my boss.
"You have fine taste," said he.
But it was not for pleasure that I was going.
I went, or came, and on my arrival called up a friend who had the honor of knowing Hughey Fullerton personally to speak to. On Labor day morning my friend escorted me to the newspaper office where Hughey was working. If we'd known anything about the metropolitan newspaper business we never would have sought Hughey at his office in the morning. Our ignorance took us there, and there, for some queer reason, was Hughey.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from The Lost Journalism of Ring Lardner by Ring Lardner, Ron Rapoport. Copyright © 2017 Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. Excerpted by permission of UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PRESS.
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Table of Contents
Foreword by James Lardner Introduction A Note to Readers Ring Lardner Tells His Sad, Sad Story to the World 1. Getting Started South Bend Has Cause to Be Proud of Athletic Record the Past Year Memoirs of a Baseball Scribe (Part 1) Memoirs of a Baseball Scribe (Part 2) Twenty-Six Cubs Will Be Taken on Southern Journey The Peerless Leader Takes Charge Record Crowd Opens Forbes Field P.L.’s Team Leads Arabella to the Altar Pullman Pastimes: Frank Schulte Is His Own Entertainer Pullman Pastimes: Dawson’s Reform Credited to Two Cubs The Rustlers Go Marching Through Georgia 2. Baseball The First Game Ring’s All-Stars Peaches Graham: Nine Men in One Ty Cobb’s Inside Baseball Ping Bodie’s Monologue Matty Mordecai Brown: The Reporter’s Friend Noisy John Kling Casting Stones with Rollie Zeider Casey in the Field How to Pitch to Babe Ruth Baseball Poems The World Serious 1909 Exhausted Tigers Extend Series 1912 The Tears of Christy Mathewson 1915 A Plea for Help A Rainy Day in Philadelphia 1916 Your Correspondent Sizes Up the Series Lardner Story Starts as Verse, Turns to Prose as Fattens Purse Inning by Inning with the Red Sox and Robins Nothing Happened 1917 Report from Behind Enemy Lines The Modern Voltaire 1918 18 Holes 1919 A Hot Tip from the Umpire Kid’s Strategy Goes Amuck as Jake Doesn’t Die A Dirty Finger on the Ball 1920 No Need to Bribe Brooklyn Ring Splits Double-Header 1921 Lardner Hitting 1., Peaved at Weatherman Scribes Saved from Overflow of Brains 1922 The Most Important World Series in History The Fur Coat Is Already Bought Mr. Lardner Corrects a Wrong Impression It Looks Bad for the Three Little Lardner Kittens Yanks Lose, But Lardner Kittens Spared 1923 Fans Agrog as Series Opens Only One Team Could Lose that Game 1925 Blizzards and Politics Hit Pirate Punch 1927 Ring Hears the Game He Is Seeing Some Final Thoughts on the Game Oddities of Bleacher Bugs Kill the Umpire Why Ring Stopped Covering Baseball Br’er Rabbit Ball 3. Ring Goes to War A War Ballad Why I Can’t Fight A Free Trip to Europe A Message to Sec. Baker Daddy’s Alibi Ring Hears Government Plans to Scare Mexico Serve Your Country with a Minimum of Effort A Good Tip to Friend Al E’en War So Grim Refuses to Dim Humor of Him A Ball Game in France Setting Out for the Front On Being Bombed A Letter to Home Back in Les Etats Unis What’s the Matter with Kaiser Bill? Wake Travel Guide (European Branch) The Do-Without Club Ring Can’t Smile at War’s End 4. Football The Perils of Being a Football Writer Michigan vs. Harvard: A Personal Odyssey A Letter How I’ll Get That Story A Persunal Appeal A Friend Indeed Perseverance Wins He Has It All Planned Out A Fresh Guy Where There’s Real Sport Please Don’t Go and Ruin It All Blue Monday at Michigan Wolverines Off for East Today; Big Squad to Go Yost’s Squad Loses Outfit; Railroad Fails to Drop Off Baggage, Handicapping Workout Yost’s Cripples Meet Harvard in East Today Luck Favors Harvard in Beating Michigan 5. Politics If You Don’t Know What He Writes About You Have Nothing on Him Ring Takes the “Pomp” Out of Pompey Key-Noting with Lardner The United States of Old Glory Ring Is Through with Conventions But Fielder Jones is O.K. Me for Mayor A Taxing Situation Starve with Hoover or Feast with Lardner Ring May Run with Debs on Prison Ticket Ring Says the Race Is Between Himself and Cobb It Looks Like a Stampede to Lardner Vice=Presidency Dressing for the Inauguration Is Some Job Simplicity Reigns in Washington Harding Inaugural Is Simps’ Delight Presidential Golf Ring Organizes the Ku Klux Klan No Navy=No Fight War With Japan May Have to Be Fought with Postcards Coolidge Awaits Word of Landslide Lodge Nearly Achieves Acquaintance with Ring Double-Header in Cleveland Finds Gaps in Bleachers Ring Will Run Under One Condition Women Held to Blame for Long Session Ring Defends His Socks Ring Wants Bryan Lured Away Democrats Are Out to Set New World Record Ring Knew It All Along Ring’s New Tax Bill to Include Congressmen Why I Will Vote Socialist 6. Boxing An Evening Accumulating Culture Dempsey vs. Willard Jess’ Stomach Shouldn’t Be Worried Ring’s Funny Stories Make the Operators Sick Lardner Hears Peace Trio Will Officiate at Bout After Seeing Jess in the Movies, Ring Wonders How Jack Can Win Lardner Won on Allies and Picks Willard Now When I Picked Jess to Win I Thought He’d Have Two Eyes to See With Dempsey vs. Carpentier Getting to Know Geos. Ring Will Bear Up No Matter Who Wins Ring Gives Dry Statistics on Preparations for Fight Ring Uses Strategy to Buzz Frenchman Lots of “Trebles” at Carpentier’s Ringside Everything Goes When You Hit Dempsey’s Camp A Surprise Party for Jack Ring Sizes Up Critics from Europe How to Overcome the Shock of Battle Ring Is Glad He Wasn’t in the Ring Dempsey vs. Firpo They Ought to Spell It Furpo Theys No Doubt Wild Bull Can Hit If Jack Lets Him No More Salutes from Firpo to Sid Lardner Sees the Wild Bull Firpo Takes the Day Off Ring Discovers What’s Wrong with His Feet Ring Gives Dempsey Some Advice Lardner in Great Shape for Wordy Battle A Word from Bernard Shaw It Was a FIGHT Dempsey vs. Tunney Monosyllables to Jack’s Jaw Best Fight of Tunney’s Career Found Dempsey at His Worst 7. The Noble Experiment 1919 Prohibition Blues Some Recipes with Kicks An Ounce of Prevention The Benefits of Prohibition Oh, Shoot! 8. The America’s Cup and Other Sports Ring Can’t Stand the Excitement of Yacht Racing Yachts Sail like a Snail with Paralysis The Closest Race We’ve Slept Though Yet The Race Is Between a Snail and a Hearse Too Slow to Give a Kick Learn to Play Lip Golf Ring Reviews His Golf Season A Perfect Day at Saratoga Tips on Horses Ring Discovers Polo How to Stork Big Game How Winners Quit Winners Why It’s Called a Dog’s Life Ring’s Sensitive Nature Recoils at Hockey With Rod and Gun 9. Family Life Family Poems The New Plaything To the New One To the Latest Help Wanted The Eternal Question Exit Madge A Mysterious Antipathy Parting Exalted Above His Fellows Declaration of Independence Welcome to Spring The Youngest One Breaks In Moving to the East Why Not a Husbands’ Union? It’s a Good Thing Birthdays Don’t Come Oftener Got a Radio in Your Home? Ring Loves His New Radio Ring’s Long Island Estate Opens to Visitors Ring’s Water Bill Is $1,643—and Nobody Drinks It The Latest Dope from Great Neck Ring Confused with Thunder Shower by Radio Fans Carpenter’s Concert Mars Ring’s Speech 10. On Journalism Journalism Poems Monday Come On, You Roseate Day West Town Storm This Afternoon To the Man Higher Up First Aid Valentines Dreaming A Plea for Mercy Another Plea for Mercy Office Secrets Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Conquering a Bad Habit Ring Wants a Day Off Voice of the People Mister Toastmaster and Gentlemen On the Scarcity of Paper for Newspapers A New System for Running Newspapers Going Back to Work 11. People, Places, and Pieces of Ring’s Mind Fifteen Cents Worth Starring in the Movies with Billie Burke Marry a Man or Caddy for Him Keep the Reform Fires Burning Automatic Writing Some Cigars Would Cure Any Smoker Have a Spelling Bee of Your Own Try Love Letters on Your Creditors Ring Observes the Miami Mermaids Ring Discloses His Beauty Secrets If You Ain’t in the Monday Opera Club, You Don’t Belong Ring Denies He Owes Chicago $50 A Cordial Greeting from Pola Swimming the Transit Channels Christmas Card From a Bottle Found in the Ocean With Rope and Gum 12. Parodies and Reviews Cubist Baseball The Spoon Rigoletto Lilac Time Mary MacLane and Her Passionate Male Quartette Madam Butterfly Was Some Insect Cinderella Ring Tells the Story of Snow White A Dog’s Tale Fifteen Rounds with Shakespeare and Tunney Your Broadway, Beau, and You Can Have It Heavy Da-Dee-Dough Boys Lyricists Strike Pay Dirt We’re All Sisters Under the Hide of Me 13. Buried Treasure and Night Letters Buried Treasure Night Letters Acknowledgments Notes Selected Bibliography