The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XI: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910-1920

by Marcus Garvey, Robert A. Hill (Editor), John Dixon (Editor), Mariela Haro Rodriguez (Editor), Anthony Yuen (Editor)

Overview

With Volume XI: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920, Duke University Press proudly assumes publication of the final volumes of The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. This invaluable archival project documents the impact and spread of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), the organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 and led by him until his death in 1940. Volume XI is the first to focus on the Caribbean, where the UNIA was represented by more than 170 divisions and chapters. Revealing the connections between the major African-American mass movement of the interwar era and the struggle of the Caribbean people for independence, this volume includes the letters, speeches, and writings of Caribbean Garveyites and their opponents, as well as documents and speeches by Garvey, newspaper articles, colonial correspondence and memoranda, and government investigative records. Volume XI covers the period from 1911, when a controversy was ignited in Limon, Costa Rica, in response to a letter that Garvey sent to the Limon Times, until 1920, when workers on the Panama Canal undertook a strike sponsored in part by the UNIA. The primary documents are extensively annotated, and the volume includes twenty-two critical commentaries on the territories covered in the book, from the Bahamas to Guatemala, and Haiti to Brazil. A trove of scholarly resources, Volume XI: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920 illuminates another chapter in the history of one the world’s most important social movements.

Praise for the Previous Volumes:
“The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers will take its place among the most important records of the Afro-American experience. . . . ‘The Marcus Garvey Papers’ lays the groundwork for a long overdue reassessment of Marcus Garvey and the legacy of racial pride, nationalism and concern with Africa he bequeathed to today’s black community.”—Eric Foner, the New York Times Book Review

“Until the publication of The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, many of the documents necessary for a full assessment of Garvey’s thought or of his movement’s significance have not been easily accessible. Robert A. Hill and his staff . . . have gathered over 30,000 documents from libraries and other sources in many countries. . . . The Garvey papers will reshape our understanding of the history of black nationalism and perhaps increase our understanding of contemporary black politics.”—Clayborne Carson, the Nation

“Now is our chance, through these important volumes, to finally begin to come to terms with the significance of Garvey’s complex, fascinating career and the meaning of the movement he built.”—Lawrence W. Levine, the New Republic

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780822392729
Publisher:	Duke University Press
Publication date:	07/15/2011
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	1128
File size:	9 MB

About the Author

Robert A. Hill is Professor of History and Editor-in-Chief and Project Director of The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers Project at the University of California, Los Angeles, James S. Coleman African Studies Center.

Read an Excerpt

THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION PAPERS

The Caribbean Diaspora 1910–1920

---

By Robert A. Hill

DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Copyright © 2011 Duke University Press
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-8223-4690-6

---

Introduction

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Africa was clearly Garvey's ultimate objective and provided the subject of his program of African Redemption. Based on the principle of "Africa for the Africans," Garvey looked to the creation of "a government of our own" in Africa that would be the means of uniting the black race worldwide. Speaking in Toronto in August 1938, two years before his death in London in June 1940, Garvey reprised the goal of the movement. The "ultimate object," he said, was "making ourselves a nation with the hope of extending as an Empire." This African imperium would redeem Africa, emancipate the race, and, ultimately, protect it. Garvey explained to his audience that "The UNIA [Universal Negro Improvement Association] has had to struggle in America for the ultimate carrying out of that object and as it is organized in America, so it is organized in every part of the world, for the ultimate of that object."

It was in America that Garvey struggled and succeeded in making his lasting political mark, the effects of which were profound and would ramify throughout the black world. Here he achieved his greatest renown as a black leader and created for himself a legend as a Moses of his race. Africa was the "ultimate" goal, but it was America that supplied the platform and the organizational means. Together, it was the combination of America and Africa that raised Garvey to the level of international significance. The price of Garvey's rise in America, along with the political attraction of Africa, was paid in the coin of Caribbean independence. "My one regret now in Liberty Hall is that I was not born in slavery days," Garvey declared. "I wish I were born in slavery days. I would have taught someone a lesson then." Going further, Garvey spelled out the reason:

If I were born eighty-four years ago in the West Indies, in the island of Jamaica, where, fortunately or unfortunately, I was born, tonight Jamaica would not have been a province of England. Jamaica would be a free and independent republic in the Caribbean Islands. But since I was not born then and I am born now, and they own that land out there, and since I am born at a time when Africa is not free, then my life, my blood will be given to Africa's redemption, Africa's freedom and Africa's liberty.

The coin of Garvey's legend has hitherto not featured prominently the West Indian side of the phenomenon, though the significance of the political renunciation implicit in his statement assumes a West Indian context. Garvey was clearly addressing an audience made up mainly of West Indians when he spoke. In spite of this fact, Garvey's legend has been comprised of two faces: the American on one side (the one most prominently displayed) and, to a much lesser extent, the African on the other. The propagation of this version of the story has won widespread acceptance. But, as these pages will make plain, although the main crucible of the Garvey movement was situated in the U.S., the main driving force was West Indian. Furthermore, if the Garvey movement, as a mass movement, was launched in America, the ground was not only prepared in the West Indies; it was also where the movement had its greatest political impact. Just how different things look when both these phases of the movement are more fully integrated, as they should be, into the wider historical narrative of Garveyism will become clear in the following pages.

Garvey's movement did not start in America. It came to America with Garvey, who had left Jamaica in 1916, seeking support for his fledgling Jamaican organization founded in 1914. Although it attracted the patronage of local officials, it received scant support from Jamaicans. After traveling through several states, Garvey returned to New York, his port of arrival, in May 1917, and decided to remain in America to seek his destiny.

Garvey's organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), traveled with him from Jamaica, and he incorporated it in New York in the summer of 1918. The statement in the certificate of incorporation listing the objects of the association discloses the adventitious nature of the ideal that animated it. UNIA aimed "To promote and practice, the principles of Benevolence and for the protection and social intercourse of its members and for their mental and physical culture and developments and to extend a friendly and constructive hand to the Negroes of the United States."

Coming as he was from Jamaica to America, Garvey was joining a veritable wave of nearly one hundred thousand West Indians flooding into the United States before and after the First World War. Shortly after his arrival, Garvey had no trouble linking up with other Jamaicans who had only recently preceded him. "About three members of the old board of management are over here and helped at the lecture," Garvey was pleased to report two days after making his debut at St. Mark's Church Hall in Harlem in May 1916.

America in the years leading to the First World War was the West Indian Mecca. For West Indians, migration to America became a way of life. The wave crested after the war in the 1920s, not coincidentally, the peak years of the Garvey movement in America. West Indians had been migrating to the United States since the nineteenth century, but construction of the Panama Canal starting in 1904 drew off an estimate of over a hundred thousand migrants. As canal construction tailed off and thousands of West Indians were laid off, they began to disperse and looked north again toward America.

The number of migrants reaching the U.S. was astounding. Garvey's Negro World estimated in October 1920 that immigrants from the West Indies and South America arrived in America "at the rate of 5,000 a month," adding, "The West Indian section of the colored population in the United States is growing by leaps and bounds. Most of them are lost to the West Indies forever." According to the U.S. Federal Census of 1920, approximately ninety-six thousand West Indians from the British West Indies, U.S. Virgin Islands (former Danish West Indies), and the Dutch and French West Indies were living in the United States (see Appendix, table 1). More to the point, of the total number of West Indians living in the U.S., close to half (47,063) lived in New York City. The community of Harlem—consisting of fifty square blocks—was home to as many as thirty-six thousand West Indians, and approximately nine-thousand resided in Brooklyn. Together these two areas represented approximately 22 percent of the total black population of New York (see Appendix, table 2).

Hubert H. Harrison, the doyen of the West Indian radicals in Harlem, contrasted nineteenth-century West Indian migrants with those of the early twentieth-century wave: "In the first period of West India immigration," he observed, "when they who came here were mainly maidens and scholars seeking wider fields of usefulness, the Negroes of America drew from these samples as their first and more favorable estimates of West Indian character. It was taken for granted that every West Indian immigrant was a paragon of intelligence and a man of birth and breeding." Harrison then detailed the social and political contours of the explosive phase of West Indian emigration that emerged before and after the First World War.

Then came the slump in West Indian sugar, caused by German and American competition and the impoverished islands began to decant upon the mainland their working population, laborers, mechanics, peasants, ambitious enough to be discontented with conditions at home and eager to improve their lot by seeking success in the land of Uncle Sam. At first they furnished the elevator operators, janitors, hall-boys, porters, maids and washerwomen of upper Manhattan almost exclusively, with a few tradesmen and skilled workers thrusting themselves forward into better positions and breaking the trail for the Negro-Americans to follow. But during the last two decades they have won their way in New York as business men, lawyers, doctors, school teachers, musicians and journalists. Besides, there is the significant fact that almost every important development originating in Negro Harlem—from the Negro Manhood Movement to political representation in public office, from collecting Negro books to speaking on the streets, from demanding Federal control over lynching to agitating for Negroes on the police force—every one of these has either been fathered by West Indians or can count them among its originators.

Harlem emerged during these years as the symbol of cultural and intellectual freedom for West Indians, and its effects radiated to every part of the West Indies, laying the groundwork for the beginning of a cultural revolution there. New York's black neighborhood, home to the Garvey movement specifically, and to West Indian radicalism generally, provided a place where new forms of Caribbean consciousness could be tested and explored. This was the allure of Harlem—it was a liminal space, a threshold across which important changes in personal as well as social status could be negotiated and achieved through the emigrant spirit of enterprise. Harlem became the place in America where West Indians could shed their insular differences and forge a new black communitas, based on their common humanity and equality as emigrants, rather than on the values of colonial hierarchy and a discredited, oppressive plantation system.

According to the West Indian journalist and historian Arnold M. Wendell Malliet, who was born in Jamaica in 1896 and emigrated to the United States in 1918, it was these West Indians who provided most of the support of the Garvey movement during its highest peak of success, from 1919 to 1923, and who acted as the transmission belt for the spread of Garveyism throughout the entire Caribbean archipelago. The symbiotic relationship between the America–West Indian Diaspora and its homelands represented a continuous movement, with headquarters in Harlem. This base in New York was highly significant to the spread of the movement in the West Indies, for not only did it mean access to greater resources, but, most importantly, it also meant that the guiding center was beyond the reach of the strenuous British attempts to suppress the movement. West Indians at home had very little space to develop organizations that were critical of the plantation system that controlled them, since colonial officials rushed to snuff out the potential for any sort of protest or resistance at their very first sign. It was in America that West Indians would acquire the ability to conduct mass politics. In this sense, the Garvey movement provided an indispensable school of political training, learning from the example and experience of African Americans in their struggles against racial injustice.

Thus, although the Garvey movement was founded and developed within the West Indian milieu, it was never exclusively the product of West Indians. African Americans were also deeply involved, and increasingly so after 1922- 1923, when the UNIA's following expanded steadily into the U.S. South and Midwest. A compilation based on the available evidence of the names of UNIA subscribers, speakers or participants at meetings, officeholders, and signers of petitions and other documents during what is considered by many the high point of the movement, from July 1918 (when the UNIA was formally organized in New York) to August 1920 (when its first convention was held), allows for a comparison of these individuals' ethnic backgrounds, thus providing a general breakdown of the ethnic composition of the movement. When organized by gender, the data show that 66 percent of the males were West Indian and 34 percent were African Americans. The figures for UNIA females are almost completely reversed: 61 percent were African American, and 39 percent were West Indian (see Appendix, tables 3 and 4). When both sets of figures are aggregated, the breakdown is 59 percent West Indian versus 41 percent African American.

These figures will be subject to change as additional sources are uncovered and more information is collected and tabulated. But for now they give a provisional sense of the relative proportions of West Indians and Africans during the three formative years of the UNIA in America. In addition, the data serve as a useful prosopographical tool by identifying individuals, many of whom are otherwise completely unknown. The information also points to deeper connections beneath the political rhetoric, permitting an examination of common characteristics as well as an assessment of the changing roles of particular status groups within the movement.

Garvey would later describe what he found when he arrived in New York and why he needed to serve as a cultural broker between West Indians and African Americans. "On arriving in the city of New York, in the little district of Harlem where, then, about 100,000 Negroes lived," Garvey explained, "I met a few of my countrymen and a few West Indians who had been living there for some time. They thought that I had come specially to advocate the cause of West Indians." He described the popular misconception about West Indians that was spread about: "At that time, the West Indians who were living in America made the American Negroes understand that they were not Negroes, but Indians, and the American Negroes, who were very ignorant of the geography and history of their own race, believed that the West Indians were a branch of the Indian race, so that the West Indians were getting by as Indians." Garvey claimed that when he arrived in Harlem, his fellow Jamaicans there thought that:

I had come to speak to them especially. But I disappointed them and I spoke to the Negro people, and I told the Negro people of Harlem, including Americans, West Indians—Negroes all—the truth of their history. I told them that we were one—the same branch of one human family. I told them in Harlem that it was my duty to re-unite the Negroes of the Western world with the Negroes of Africa, to make a great nation of black men.

Earlier, Garvey also claimed that such was the seriousness of the split that he felt obliged to remain in America in order to try to address it. Speaking in Liberty Hall in March 1920, Garvey explained:

When I came to New York two and a half years ago, I found a disorganized state among my race here. I found the Americans were against the West Indians and the West Indians were against the Americans—that one side was saying "I am better than you," and the other side was saying the same thing.... [F]rom my knowledge of the history of the Negro in the Western hemisphere, I saw that the American Negro was no better than the West Indian Negro nor the West Indian Negro any better than the American Negro—we were all fighting and struggling toward one common destiny. Because I saw that, I took the opportunity to organize a branch of the Association in New York.

From his description, the split must have been full of rancor, with Garvey and the UNIA doing their utmost to steer a middle course between the rival camps. The rivalry had degenerated into a public scandal, as soap-box orators, brought out by the warm weather, appeared along Lenox Avenue in Harlem in 1919. "Obviously the new tactics of discussing the West Indian and American questions along purely nationalistic lines must be taken as eloquent testimony of the intellectual impoverishment of those speakers, who in order to attract a crowd resort to the most disgusting and vulgar form of billingsgate and abuse imaginable," admonished the Negro World in an editorial entitled appropriately "Divide and Rule." "Perhaps the Negro speakers who indulge in this race-disrupting pastime," the paper continued, "are merely rendering service for wages already received, or perhaps (and this is a charitable view) they are merely imitating a certain white man who started out along that line on Lenox avenue this season."

(Continues...)

---

Excerpted from THE MARCUS GARVEY AND UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION PAPERS by Robert A. Hill Copyright © 2011 by Duke University Press. Excerpted by permission of DUKE UNIVERSITY PRESS. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

---

Table of Contents

Editorial Advisory Board Contributing Scholars Contents Photographs Illustrations Maps Acknowledgments General Introduction History of the Edition Editorial Principles and Practices Textual Devices Symbols and Abbreviations Chronology The Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Brazil British Guiana (Guyana) British Honduras (Belize) Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Leeward Islands Panama and the Canal Zone Puerto Rico St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago U.S. Virgin Islands World War I Essay by Niger in Our Own1 Vox Populi to the Daily Gleaner Article in the Limón Times Marcus Garvey to the Limón Times Editorial in the Limón Times Editorial in the Limón Times “Enid” to the Limón Times “Gallo del Monte” to the Limón Times “A Nation” to the Limón Times Item in the Limón Times Henry Hylton to the Limón Times Item in the Limón Times Item in the Limón Times Henry Hylton to the Limón Times Editorial in the Limón Times Editorial in the Limón Times Article in the Limón Times Article in the Limón Times Article in the Clarion Marcus Garvey to the Editor of the Clarion Umbilla to the Jamaica Times Umbilla to the Jamaica Times Article in the Daily Gleaner Marcus Garvey in the African Times and Orient Review Article in the Jamaica Times Marcus Garvey in the Tourist W. G. Hinchcliffe1 to the Gleaner Marcus Garvey to the Gleaner Pamphlet by Marcus Garvey Sir William Henry Manning, Governor, Jamaica, to Lewis Harcourt, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Marcus Garvey to Lewis Harcourt, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Report in the Christian Science Monitor Article in the Gleaner Article in the Gleaner Article in the Daily Gleaner Article in the New York News1 Robert Josias Morgan et al., to the Jamaica Times Marcus Garvey in Champion Magazine (Chicago) Amy Ashwood1 to Marcus Garvey Amy Ashwood to Marcus Garvey Travers Buxton, Secretary, Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society, to Walter Hines Page, U.S. Ambassador to Britain John H. Pilgrim, Secretary, National Association of Loyal Negroes, to the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society Dusé Mohammed Ali, Editor, African Times and Orient Review, to Dillon C. Govin, Secretary, Association of Universal Loyal Negroes Wilfred Collet, Governor, British Guiana, to Duke of Devonshire, Governor General, Canada Enclosure: Circular Letter from Dillon C. Govin, Secretary, Association of Universal Loyal Negroes1 Enclosure: Dillon C. Govin, Secretary, Association of Universal Loyal Negroes, Montreal Branch, to J. B. Yearwood,1 Association of Universal Loyal Negroes Robert Johnstone, Acting Colonial Secretary, Jamaica, to the Censor, Jamaica Enclosure: Wilfred Collet, Governor, British Guiana, to Leslie Probyn,1 Governor, Jamaica Wilfred Collet, Governor, British Guiana, to Claude Mallet, British Consul, Panama U.S. Postal Censorship Report Petition from John H. Pilgrim et al., National Association of Loyal Negroes, to Arthur J. Balfour, Secretary of State, Foreign Office Claude Mallet, British Consul, Panama, to Arthur J. Balfour, Secretary of State, Foreign Office U.S. Postal Censorship Report Claude Mallet, British Consul, Panama, to Arthur J. Balfour, Secretary of State, Foreign Office Enclosure: Resolutions by the UNIA and African Communities League U.S. Postal Censorship Report U.S. Postal Censorship Report Augustus Duncan, Executive Secretary, West Indian Protective Society, to the St. Vincent Times Enclosure: John H. Pilgrim, Director of Research, National Association of Loyal Negroes, to W. E. B. Du Bois and R. R. Moton Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados Enclosure: Letter from Major-General Henry Fleetwood Thuillier,1 General Commanding Officer, Taranto Enclosure: Major Maxwell Smith, Commanding Officer, Eighth British West Indies Regiment, to Major-General Henry Fleetwood Thuillier, General Commanding Officer, Taranto Enclosure: Report on Caribbean League Meeting Enclosure: B. B. Cubitt, Assistant Under Secretary of State, War Office, to the Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office Letter to the Daily Chronicle1 W. H. Simpson to Marcus Garvey Mary White Ovington, Acting Chairman, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, to John H. Pilgrim, Director of Research, National Association of Loyal Negroes W. E. Allen, Acting Chief, Bureau of Investigation, to William M. Offley, Superintendent, Bureau of Investigation New York Division Enclosure: U.S. Postal Censorship Report Robert Walter, Officer Administering the Government, British Honduras, to Rufus Isaacs, British Ambassador to the United States Robert Walter, Officer Administering the Government, British Honduras, to Rufus Isaacs, British Ambassador to the United States Letter to the Negro World Enclosure: Petition from the Association of Universal Loyal Negroes Enclosure: Appendix to Petition from the Association of Universal Loyal Negroes Enclosure: Appendix to Petition from the Association of Universal Loyal Negroes Paraphrase Telegram from Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados Enclosure: Major-General H. L. Alexander,1 General Headquarters, to the Secretary, War Office Enclosure: Major-General Henry Fleetwood Thuillier, General Commanding Officer, Taranto, to General Headquarters Enclosure: Major Maxwell Smith, Commanding Officer, Eighth British West Indies Regiment, to Major-General Henry Fleetwood Thuillier, General Commanding Officer, Taranto William L. Allardyce, Governor, Bahamas, to Admiral Morgan Singer, Commander in Chief, Bermuda U.S. Postal Censorship Report Article in the West Indian Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: National Association of Loyal Negroes to the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society Military Representative, Executive Postal Censorship Committee, New York, to Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, Director, U.S. Military Intelligence Division Enclosure: Edgar McCarthy, Secretary, UNIA Colon Division, to the General Secretary, UNIA and ACL Enclosure: List of Members of the UNIA Colon Division Article in the West Indian Article in L’Essor Quotidien Enclosure: Eliézer Cadet to David Lloyd George, Prime Minister Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Foreign Office, to Arthur J. Balfour, Secretary of State, Foreign Office Article in the Daily Chronicle Arthur J. Balfour, Secretary of State, Foreign Office, to Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Foreign Office George E. Chamberlin, U.S. Consul, British Guiana, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Enclosure: George Ball-Greene, Acting Colonial Secretary, British Guiana, to George E. Chamberlin, U.S. Consul, British Guiana Cecil Clementi, Officer Administering the Government, British Guiana, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Editorial in L’Essor Quotidien George E. Chamberlin, U.S. Consul, British Guiana, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Arden A. Bryan to the Negro World William M. Gordon, Acting Governor, Trinidad, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Aucher Warner,1 Attorney General, Trinidad, to William M. Gordon, Acting Governor, Trinidad Enclosure: William M. Gordon, Acting Governor, Trinidad, to Wilfred Collet, Governor, British Guiana “Marshall”1 to James Wilson Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Foreign Office, to Arthur J. Balfour, Secretary of State, Foreign Office Enclosure: William Henry Pauton Gibbons to King George V Article in the Negro World Paraphrase Telegram from Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados Article in the Daily Chronicle William Stoute to Marcus Garvey, Managing Editor, Negro World Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office R. E. M. Jack to the St. Vincent Times Address by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Barbadian Planters Eyre Hutson,1 Governor, British Honduras, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Memorandum by Robert Walter, Acting Governor, British Honduras Enclosure: Eyre Hutson, Governor, British Honduras, to George O’Donnell Walton, Acting Chief Justice, British Honduras Enclosure: George O’Donnell Walton, Acting Chief Justice, British Honduras, to Eyre Hutson, Governor, British Honduras Sergeant-Major Henry James Geen, Leeward Islands Police, to the Acting Inspector, St. Kitts-Nevis Police Reginald Popham Lobb, Administrator, St. Vincent, to George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands3 Memorandum by Sergeant Thomas Foley, Panama Canal Zone Police, to Captain Guy Johannes, Chief, Panama Canal Zone Police and Fire Division J. Rodriguez Tamayo, Assistant Superintendent, Baraguá Sugar Company, to William E. Gonzales, U.S. Minister to Cuba George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands, to Reginald Popham Lobb, Administrator, St. Vincent Article in the Daily Argosy William E. Gonzales, U.S. Minister to Cuba, to J. Rodriguez Tamayo, Assistant Superintendent, Baraguá Sugar Company Reuben Holder to the Negro World Amy Ashwood Letter in the Negro World Cecil Clementi, Officer Administering the Government, British Guiana, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Reginald Popham Lobb, Administrator, St. Vincent, to George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands Hermon L. A. Thompson to the Inter-Colonial Supply Company Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to H. E. W. Grant, Officer Administering the Government, Bahamas Gilbert E. A. Grindle, Assistant Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Major John R. Chancellor, Governor, Trinidad Enclosure: William M. Gordon, Acting Governor, Trinidad, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: G. H. May, Inspector General of Constabulary, Trinidad, to William M. Gordon, Acting Colonial Secretary, Trinidad Enclosure: William M. Gordon, Acting Governor, Trinidad, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: George F. Huggins et al., to William M. Gordon, Acting Colonial Secretary, Trinidad Enclosure: Report by G. H. May, Inspector General of Constabulary, Trinidad, to William M. Gordon, Acting Colonial Secretary, Trinidad Dorris Francis, Secretary, UNIA Colon Ladies Division, to the Dispatch Geo. M. Du Sauzay to the Workman Enclosure: E. B. Montgomery, U.S. Vice- Consul-in-Charge, Costa Rica, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State John S. Johnson to the Daily Chronicle A. L. Flint, Chief of Office, Panama Canal Company, to Frank Burke, Assistant Director and Chief, Bureau of Investigation Frank Burke, Assistant Director and Chief, Bureau of Investigation, to A. L. Flint, Chief of Office, Panama Canal Company Chester Harding, Governor, Panama Canal Zone, to Acting Chief Quarantine Officer, Balboa Heights, Panama Canal Zone Report of Court of Policy Debate on Seditious Publications Bill Publication of St. Vincent Government Gazette George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands, in the West Indian Dorris Francis, Secretary, UNIA Colon Ladies Division, to the Workman1 Secretary of the Admiralty to George V. Fiddes, Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Vice-Admiral Morgan Singer,1 Commander in Chief, North America and the West Indies, to the Secretary of the Admiralty Samuel Kress, Assistant Superintendent, United Fruit Company, Costa Rica Division, to George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company Anderson Joseph to the Negro World George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office A. L. Flint, Chief of Office, Panama Canal Company, to Frank Burke, Assistant Director and Chief, Bureau of Investigation Enclosure: Chester Harding, Governor, Panama Canal Zone, to A. L. Flint, Chief of Office, Panama Canal Company Jasmine Tavanier, Treasurer, UNIA Ladies Division, to the Workman Horatio N. Huggins and 374 Others, Stubbs District, St. Vincent, to George Basil Haddon- Smith, Governor, Windward Islands Richard A. Bennett and Others to Marcus Garvey Editorial in the Barbados Weekly Illustrated Paper “Strolling Scribbler” in the Barbados Weekly Illustrated Paper Dave Davidson, Vice President, UNIA St. Thomas Division, to the Negro World “A Grenadian” to the West Indian Article in the Dispatch Article in the Dispatch E. Theo Phillip to the Negro World R. E. M. Jack to the Barbados Weekly Illustrated Paper Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Cecil Clementi, Officer Administering the Government, British Guiana Enclosure: Article in the Dispatch R. E. M. Jack to Reginald Popham Lobb, Administrator, St. Vincent, and George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands Reginald Popham Lobb, Administrator, St. Vincent, to Horatio N. Huggins, Stubbs District, St. Vincent Editorial in the West Indian J. A. H. Thor[n]e to Marcus Garvey Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State, to Albert S. Burleson, U.S. Postmaster General Enclosure: Henry D. Baker,1 U.S. Consul, Trinidad, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Article in the Port of Spain Gazette Editorial in the West Indian Editorial in the West Indian Richard A. Bennett and Others to Marcus Garvey Article by George M. Du Sauzay in the Dispatch Joseph H. Bonney in the Negro World Enclosure: Walter S. Penfield to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Enclosure: Nathaniel H. Hibbert to Luís Garcia, Governor, Limón “Marshall” to James Wilson “Marshall” to James Wilson Memorandum by Arthur W. Kennedy, Inspector, Panama Canal Zone Police, to Captain Guy Johannes, Chief, Panama Canal Zone Police and Fire Division Article in the Negro World John E. Banton to the Negro World A. McNaught, Ex-Sergeant, Sixth British West Indies Regiment, to the Negro World Clement M. Clarke to the Negro World Article in the Workman H. J. Donnelly, Acting Solicitor, U.S. Post Office, to Walter S. Penfield Article in the West Indian Edward D. Smith-Green, Secretary, Black Star Line, to Osiris de Bourg Richard A. Bennett to the Negro World William L. Allardyce, Governor, Bahamas, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company, to Victor M. Cutter, Vice President, United Fruit Company R. E. M. Jack in the Barbados Weekly Illustrated Paper Enclosure: Memorandum by L. L. Gilkey, Labor Inspector, Panama Canal Zone Executive Department Enclosure: F. S. Ricketts et al. to Chester Harding, Governor, Panama Canal Zone Article in L’Essor Quotidien Article in the West Indian R. B. Walker, Receiving and Forwarding Agent, Panama Railroad Company, to S. W. Heald, Superintendent, Panama Railroad Company Enclosure: Chester Harding, Governor, Panama Canal Zone, to F. S. Ricketts et al. Ellen Joshua in the Workman “Truth” in the Barbados Weekly Illustrated Paper Article in the Trinidad Guardian H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company, to George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company United Fruit Company Report George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company, to H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company, to H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company H. K. F. to George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company, and H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company Henry D. Baker, U.S. Consul, Trinidad, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Cyril Henry, Assistant Treasurer, Black Star Line, to the Negro World Article in the Workman Peter E. Batson to the Negro World Fred D. Powell, General Secretary, UNIA New York Division, to the Negro World Stewart E. McMillin, U.S. Consul, Costa Rica, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Enclosure: Stewart E. McMillin, U.S. Consul, Costa Rica, to George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company Enclosure: George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company, to Stewart E. McMillin, U.S. Consul, Costa Rica Enclosure: Stewart E. McMillin, U.S. Consul, Costa Rica, to Luís García, Governor, Limón Enclosure: Luís García, Governor, Limón, to Stewart E. McMillin, U.S. Consul, Costa Rica George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company, to Victor M. Cutter, Vice President, United Fruit Company Enclosure: H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company, to George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company Henry D. Baker, U.S. Consul, Trinidad, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Article in the Panama Star and Herald Henry D. Baker, U.S. Consul, Trinidad, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Enclosure: Carlos U. Jiménez, Costa Rica Department of Government and Police, to Stewart E. McMillin, U.S. Consul, Costa Rica Leopold S. Amery, Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados Address by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Barbados Employers Cablegram from S. W. Heald, Superintendent, Panama Railroad Company Article in the Panama Star and Herald Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas Enclosure: Secretary of State to William L. Allardyce, Governor, Bahamas British Cabinet Report Report by A. D. Russell on the Enquiry into Disturbances in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad Article in the Workman D. H. O’Connor, UNIA Colon Division, to the Workman Sanchez Gonzales, Provincial Governor, San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic, to Philip Van Putten, President, UNIA San Pedro de Macorís Division E. R. White, Acting Second Assistant Postmaster General, to the Solicitor, U.S. Post Office Pledge Signed by Francis Louis Gardier et al. Augustus Duncan, Executive Secretary, West Indian Protective Society, to the Governor, St. Vincent Article in the West Indian “Marshall” to James Wilson “Etta” [Marie Duchatellier] to John E. Bruce “Marshall” to James Wilson Article in the Dominica Guardian “Marshall” to James Wilson Editorial in the Dominica Guardian Article in the Workman “Marshall” to James Wilson Enclosure: Gilbert E. A. Grindle, Assistant Under Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to the Under Secretary of State, Foreign Office Enclosure: Augustus Duncan, Executive Secretary, West Indian Protective Society, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Unsigned Letter to Victor M. Cutter, Vice President, United Fruit Company Editorial in the Daily Argosy George N. Caterson to the Workman “Marshall” to James Wilson “Marshall” to James Wilson By-Laws of the “Universal Improvement Association and Communities League” Society, Havana, Cuba William L. Hurley, Office of the Under Secretary, U.S. Department of State, to Frank Burke, Assistant Director and Chief, Bureau of Investigation Enclosure: Henry D. Baker, U.S. Consul, Trinidad, to Robert Lansing, U.S. Secretary of State Rowland Sperling, Assistant Secretary, Foreign Office, to R. C. Lindsay, Counsellor, British Embassy, Washington, D.C. Articles in the Daily Chronicle J. R. Ralph Casimir to Edward D. Smith-Green, Secretary, Black Star Line Wilfred Bennett Davidson-Houston, Administrator, St. Lucia, to George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands Enclosure: Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Deane, Chief, St. Lucia Police, to Wilfred Bennett Davidson-Houston, Administrator, St. Lucia Thomas F. Murphy, Assistant U.S. Postmaster, to the Negro World Article in the Evening News Report by Major Norman Randolph, Department Intelligence Officer, Panama Canal Zone “Marshall” to James Wilson Report by Major Norman Randolph, Department Intelligence Officer, Panama Canal Zone Marcus Garvey to the Governor, British Guiana “Marshall” to James Wilson Article in the Clarion Henry D. Baker, U.S. Consul, Trinidad, to the U.S. Secretary of State Article in the Daily Chronicle Maurice Peterson, British Embassy, Washington, D.C., to Frederick Watson, British Consulate General, New York Weekly Situation Survey by U.S. Military Intelligence Division Article in the West Indian R. C. Lindsay, Counsellor, British Embassy, Washington, D.C., to Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Secretary of State, Foreign Office Enclosure: R. C. Lindsay, Counsellor, British Embassy, Washington, D.C., to Leslie Probyn, Governor, Jamaica Vice-Admiral T. D. W. Napier, Commander in Chief, Bermuda, to the Secretary of the Admiralty J. R. Ralph Casimir to the Editors of the Emancipator Edward D. Smith-Green, Secretary, Black Star Line, to J. R. Ralph Casimir Frederick Watson, British Consulate General, New York, to Maurice Peterson, British Embassy, Washington, D.C. V. P. M. Langton to the Crusader “J. U. G.” to the Crusader General James Willcocks, Governor, Bermuda, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office H. S. Blair, Division Manager, United Fruit Company, to George P. Chittenden, General Manager, United Fruit Company Article in the Negro World Major John R. Chancellor, Governor, Trinidad, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Report by Aucher Warner, Attorney General, Trinidad, on the Seditious Publications Ordinance Wilfred Collet, Governor, British Guiana, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Edward M. Merewether, Governor, Leeward Islands, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Article in the Afro-American Article in the Emancipator Samuel A. Haynes, General Secretary, UNIA British Honduras Division, to Eyre Hutson, Governor, British Honduras H. D. Curry, Private Secretary to the Governor, British Honduras, to Samuel A. Haynes, General Secretary, UNIA British Honduras Division Samuel A. Haynes, General Secretary, UNIA British Honduras Division, to Eyre Hutson, Governor, British Honduras Article in the Workman J. R. Ralph Casimir in the Negro World Marcus Garvey in the Negro World Article in the Clarion Article in the Negro World Article in the Negro World “C. M. S.” in the Belize Independent C. W. Dixon, Principal Clerk, Colonial Office, to the Secretary of the Admiralty Enclosure: George Basil Haddon-Smith, Governor, Windward Islands, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Article in the Workman Article in the Negro World Samuel A. Haynes, General Secretary, UNIA British Honduras Division, to the Clarion Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas Reports of Mass Meetings against Passage of the Seditious Ordinance Legislation Kenneth Solomon, Acting Attorney General, Bahamas, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas Sergeant J. S. Straun, Leeward Islands Police, and J. H. Bryan, Constable, Leeward Islands Police, to Major W. E. Wilders, Inspector, Leeward Islands Police Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados Sergeant-Major Henry James Geen, Leeward Islands Police, to Major W. E. Wilders, Inspector, Leeward Islands Police Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas Doris A. Richardson, UNIA Colon Division, to the Workman Article in the Negro World V. P. M. Langston to the Crusader British Cabinet Office Report on St. Lucia William Walter Hendy to the Workman William Stoute to the Workman Sergeant-Major Henry James Geen, Leeward Islands Police, to Major W. E. Wilders, Inspector, Leeward Islands Police Lieutenant-Corporal Frank D. Kelly, Bahamas, to Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police Marcus Garvey to J. R. Ralph Casimir Executive Council Minutes, St. Vincent Enclosure: St. Vincent Order in Council Article in the Negro World Eyre Hutson, Governor, British Honduras, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office J. R. Ralph Casimir to Anthony Crawford Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas Enclosure: Lieutenant-Corporal Frank D. Kelly, Bahamas, to Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police Miss W. P. to the Editor of the Negro World Edward D. Smith-Green, Secretary, Black Star Line, to J. R. Ralph Casimir Editorial in the Herald Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, to Viscount Milner, Secretary of State, Colonial Office Enclosure: Report on the UNIA by C. H. R., Acting Inspector General, Barbados Police William P. Garrety, U.S. Consul, Honduras, to Bainbridge Colby, U.S. Secretary of State Report of Legislative Council Meeting1 in the St. Lucia Gazette Luc Dorsinville to the Crusader Article in the Daily Chronicle Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas Enclosure: Lieutenant-Corporal Frank D. Kelly, Bahamas, to Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police Report by J. R. Ralph Casimir Filogenes Maillard to the Negro World Charles Osborn Anderson, Postmaster, Bahamas, to F. C. Wells-Durrant, Acting Colonial Secretary, Bahamas “Black” to the Negro World Enclosure: Lieutenant-Corporal Frank D. Kelly, Bahamas, to Major E. E. Turner, Commandant, Bahamas Police Article in the Barbados Weekly Illustrated Paper Report by John M. Russell, First Provisional Brigade, U.S. Marine Corps, to the U.S. Department of State Edward M. Merewether, Governor, Leeward Islands, to John Alder Burdon, Administrator, St. Kitts-Nevis Sergeant-Major Henry James Geen, Leeward Islands Police, to Major W. E. Wilders, Inspector, Leeward Islands Police Sergeant-Major Henry James Geen, Leeward Islands Police, to Major W. E. Wilders, Inspector, Leeward Islands Police Article in the Central American Express Editorial in the Dominica Guardian Memorandum by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles O’Brien, Governor, Barbados, in Reply to Query Regarding the Race Question J. R. Ralph Casimir to Edward D. Smith-Green, Secretary, Black Star Line Article in the Jamaica Times Appendix Table 1: West Indian Emigrants in the U.S., 1900–1930 Table 2: Origins of West Indian Emigrants in New York City, 1920 Table 3: Origins of Male Participants in UNIA, 1917–1920 Table 4: Origins of Female Participants in UNIA, 1917–1920 Index

Editorial Reviews

"The wealth of primary sources is extraordinary and the information presented is annotated extremely thoroughly. A reader of this volume, as well as Volumes XII and XIII, could not ask for more careful and detailed notes,which add context and deeper meaning to the included sources."

Nova Religio - Catherine B. Abbott

With more than four hundred documents to support Hill’s insights, The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920 is a treasure trove for scholars. . . . This volume is a superb addition to The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. The documents and the general
introduction continue to shed new light upon the complex leader and the activities of the organization. The scholarly community will be intrigued
by this new installment and will eagerly await the publication of the other volumes in the Caribbean series and the completion of the collection.

Journal of American History - Shawn Leigh Alexander

"By making such archival material widely available, the much-anticipated 'Caribbean Series' . . . is sure to expand the study of what Emory Tolbert has called 'outpost Garveyism' in the Caribbean' . . .  Researches interested in a variety of questions about the daily experiences of West Indians at home and abroad will benefit from The UNIA Papers' latest edition."

Caribbean Studies - Frances Peace Sullivan

The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920 is a valuable resource for scholars and students of the man and the movement. Though not an exhaustive compilation of documents from the period, the historical commentaries, chronologies, and primary documents in this volume serve as a thorough introduction to this important period in history and successfully integrates the history of Garvey and his impact on the global African diaspora into world history.

Journal of World History - Glenn A. Chambers