The Necromantics: Reanimation, the Historical Imagination, and Victorian British and Irish Literature

by Renée Fox

Overview

Honorable Mention, American Council for Irish Studies Donald Murphy Prize for Distinguished First BookThe Necromantics dwells on the literal afterlives of history. Reading the reanimated corpses—monstrous, metaphorical, and occasionally electrified—that Mary Shelley, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, W. B. Yeats, Bram Stoker, and others bring to life, Renée Fox argues that these undead figures embody the present’s desire to remake the past in its own image. Fox positions “necromantic literature” at a nineteenth-century intersection between sentimental historiography, medical electricity, imperial gothic monsters, and the Irish Literary Revival, contending that these unghostly bodies resist critical assumptions about the always-haunting power of history. By considering Irish Revival texts within the broader scope of nineteenth-century necromantic works, The Necromantics challenges Victorian studies’ tendency to merge Irish and English national traditions into a single British whole, as well as Irish studies’ postcolonial efforts to cordon off a distinct Irish canon. Fox thus forges new connections between conflicting political, formal, and historical traditions. In doing so, she proposes necromantic literature as a model for a contemporary reparative reading practice that can reanimate nineteenth-century texts with new aesthetic affinities, demonstrating that any effective act of reading will always be an effort of reanimation.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780814282915
Publisher:	Ohio State University Press
Publication date:	05/04/2023
Sold by:	Barnes & Noble
Format:	eBook
Pages:	278
File size:	2 MB

About the Author

Renée Fox is Assistant Professor in the Department of Literature at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Read an Excerpt

I call this body of nineteenth-century literature preoccupied with the possibilities and perils of bringing the dead to life “necromantic” literature. Necromantic literature distinguishes itself from ghost stories by its disinterest both in spectrality—“how the past lives indirectly in the present, inchoately suffusing and shaping rather than determining it,” as Wendy Brown describes it—and in traumatic recurrence: “The specter begins by coming back, by repeating itself, by recurring”. Necromantic literature instead focuses on how material corpses, even metaphorical ones, are exhumed, reanimated, and manipulated by the powers of the present into lively, readable historical bodies. In some texts, like The Ring and the Book, waking a corpse into modern readability is a nearly literal poetic act: when Robert Browning asks in the poem’s introductory book, “How title I the dead alive once more?” he grammatically collapses reanimated corpse and new poem into a single entity. Others, like Our Mutual Friend and Bram Stoker’s 1903 The Jewel of Seven Stars, make the desire to resuscitate a dead body into readable life into a monstrous mandate, whether that resuscitation happens at the level of form, as in Dickens’s novel, or in a dark cellar crammed with electrical equipment and Egyptian curios, as in Stoker’s.

Bodies and stories are often interchangeable in necromantic literature, revival and rewriting presented as analogous in kind, if not always in degree. The first stanza of Wilde’s poem offers a stark example of this as it jumps from its fantasy of reanimating Ireland to revising the biblical Exodus story to better suit Wilde’s needs as a woman poet. However, the parallel structure of this stanza doesn’t present revival and rewriting as metaphors for one another the way Browning’s poem does. Instead, it presents two different but intertwined versions of the work of the poet, one resuscitative and one revisionary, each demonstrating that reimagining the past into present-day lives requires both active aesthetic work and a recognition that such work will leave an inescapable imprint on whatever new lives it produces. In the case of Wilde’s first stanza, we can see the imprint in two ways: nearly literally in the image of the present age lending its glow to the newly revived body of Ireland, and effectively in her transformation of Exodus from a story of liberation to one of revival. Whether reanimating dead Ireland or reimagining Miriam as a necromancer in her own right, this stanza encapsulates the impulse of necromantic literature more largely to revive its dead bodies in order to reconstruct the past into new literary and political stories. As I argue throughout this book, texts that bring bodies back to life simultaneously reimagine the past to suit present-day needs and self-consciously reflect on the mechanisms, ambitions, and dangers that inhere in such daring acts of reanimation. Yet necromantic literature isn’t simply historical revival literature in a different guise, self-conscious of its inauthenticity though such revival literature may be. Necromantic literature is about the ways poems, stories, and histories try to revive the past. It literalizes the aesthetics and politics of such revivals to examine them, question them, undermine them, and sometimes even celebrate them.
 

Table of Contents

Introduction    Necromantic Victorians Chapter 1        How Frankenstein Got History Chapter 2        Dickensian Zombies in Great Expectations and Our Mutual Friend Chapter 3        Robert Browning’s Necropoetics Chapter 4        W. B. Yeats and the Necromantic Museum Chapter 5        Bram Stoker’s Irish Mummy Gothic Epilogue          The Undead Reader, or the Perils of Resuscitative Reading

Editorial Reviews

"This erudite study of reanimation in British and Irish literature and sentimental historiography from the late eighteenth century to the twenty-first century makes a welcome intervention into Victorian studies. … Fox’s extremely well-researched and illuminating study of the necromantic imagination will find eager audiences in scholars and graduate students in the fields of both Irish and British Victorian studies as well as scholars of the gothic and thanatology more generally." —Colleen English, English Studies


"The Necromantics brings together an unexpected mix of texts with illuminating results. Particularly welcome is the sustained attention given to Irish literature, as well as the decision to understand reanimation as more than just a Gothic trope. Henceforth, Fox’s study will be necessary reading for anyone wishing to engage with the topic of reanimation, and it will also be of interest to scholars working on the individual texts that Fox so interestingly analyzes." —Natalie Neill, Journal of British Studies


"This work is an engaging and nuanced discussion of the ongoing literary urge to resurrect the past for contemporary purposes. Fox’s exploration of these ethical questions of reanimation is particularly effective in the context of Irish Revivalism … Its e


"Fox's transformative interventions into Victorian studies and Irish studies persuasively reject necromancy as merely a feature of marginal gothic writing and instead realize it as a central literary strategy for potent theorizations of history, form, and


"The Necromantics is a powerfully argued account of the rhetoric and representation of reanimation in the nineteenth century. Fox's important decision to take Victorian Irish literature seriously in its own right is both revolutionary

“Wonderfully sensitive and provocative … Written with verve and wry humour, [The Necromantics] is as deeply invested in contemporary methodological debate as it is in Victorian poetics.” —Gordon Bigelow, Estudios Irlandeses

“Fox’s study offers rewarding-indeed revitalizing-new perspectives on how we understand 19th-century authorship, literature, and historiography.” —Anne-Julia Zwierlein, Anglistik

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