Table of Contents
Introduction 9
c. 1500 BCE The Vedas 12
c. 585 BCE Birth of Western Philosophy 14
c. 550 BCE The Dao 16
c. 540 BCE Reincarnation 18
c. 540 BCE Ahimsa 20
c. 530 BCE Anthropomorphization 22
c. 525 BCE The Four Noble Truths 24
c. 525 BCE No-Self (Anatta) 26
c. 500 BCE Confucian Ethics 28
c. 500 BCE Reciprocity 30
c. 500 BCE Change Is Constant 32
c. 500 BCE The Book of Job 34
c. 470 BCE Change Is Illusory 36
c. 460 BCE Mind Organizes Nature 38
c. 460 BCE The Paradoxes of Motion 40
c. 450 BCE Survival of the Fittest 42
c. 450 BCE Protagoras and Relativism 44
c. 450 BCE The Sophists 46
c. 450 BCE Ladder of Love 48
c. 430 BCE Know Thyself 50
c. 420 BCE Atoms and the Void 52
c. 420 BCE Universal Love 54
c. 400 BCE Cynicism 56
c. 400 BCE Cyrenaie Hedonism 58
c. 400 BCE The Bhagavad Gita 60
399 BCE The Trial and Death of Socrates 62
c. 399 BCE Socratic Dialogues 64
c. 386 BCE Plato Founds the Academy 66
c. 380 BCE The World of the Forms 68
c. 380 BCE Plato's Republic 70
c. 380 BCE Mind-Body Dualism 72
c. 367 BCE Aristotle Enrolls in the Academy 74
334 BCE Hellenization Begins 76
c. 330 BCE The Invention of Logic 78
c. 330 BCE The Earth-Centered Universe 80
c. 330 BCE Matter and Form 82
c. 330 BCE The Four Causes 84
c. 330 BCE Nicomachean Ethics 86
c. 320 BCE Maybe Life Is a Dream 88
c. 300 BCE Ecclesiastes 90
c. 300 BCE Epicureanism 92
c. 300 BCE Stoicism 94
c. 300 BCE Innate Goodness 96
155 BCE Carneades on Justice 98
c. 55 BCE On the Nature of Things 100
51 BCE Universal Moral Law 102
c. 30 CE The Christian Era Begins 104
c. 65 Buddhism Comes to China 106
65 The Death of Seneca 108
c. 125 Epictetian Stoicism 110
e. 150 Platonism and Christianity 112
180 The Philosopher-King 114
c. 200 Outlines of Pyrrhonism 116
c. 250 Neoplatonism 118
c. 285 The Problem of Universals 120
386 Augustine's Conversion 122
415 Death of Hypatia 124
426 The City of God 126
c. 460 The Last Great Greek Philosopher 128
476 The Dark Ages Begin 130
c. 500 The Way of Negation 132
c. 520 Origins of Chan/Zen Buddhism 134
524 The Consolations of Philosophy 136
529 Justinian Closes the Academy 138
c. 630 The Rise and Spread of Islam 140
c. 700 Huineng and the Platform Sutra 142
c. 810 Monism 144
c. 840 Islamic Philosophy Begins 146
c. 865 Eriugena's Christian Neoplatonism 148
c. 1015 Ibn Sina's Islamic Aristotelianism 150
1078 The Ontological Argument 152
c. 1093 The Incoherence of the Philosophers 154
1121 The Birth of Scholasticism 156
c. 1130 Aristotelian Revival in the West 158
c. 1135 Qualified Dualism 160
c. 1180 Revival of Confucianism 162
c. 1185 The Commentator 164
c. 1190 The Guide for the Perplexed 166
c. 1220 Philosophers Join Academia 168
c. 1250 The Universal Doctor 170
1259 A Franciscan Approach to Philosophy 172
c. 1265 The Great Medieval Synthesis 174
c. 1265 The Five Ways 176
c. 1270 Natural Law 178
c. 1300 Attack on the Medieval Synthesis 180
c. 1300 Mystical Theology 182
c. 1320 Ockham's Razor 184
c. 1320 Conceptualism 186
1324 The Defender of Peace 188
c. 1350 The Renaissance Begins 190
1440 The Synthesis of Opposites 192
1468 The Recovery of Platonism 194
1516 Utopia 196
1517 The Reformation Begins 198
c. 1520 The Humanist Ideal 200
c. 1525 The Silver Age of Scholasticism 202
1532 The Prince 204
1539 The Rights of Native Peoples 206
1543 The Birth of Modern Science 208
1580 Revival of Classical Skepticism 210
1605 The Advancement of Learning 212
1620 The Enlightenment Begins 214
1625 On the Law of War and Peace 216
1637 The Father of Modem Philosophy 218
1641 Meditations on First Philosophy 220
1651 Leviathan 222
1651 Free Will and Determinism Are Compatible 224
1670 Pascal's Wager 226
1674 Occasionalism 228
1677 Ethics 230
1689 Human Rights 232
1689 Religious Liberty 234
1689 Empiricism 236
c. 1700 Preestablished Harmony 238
1713 To Be Is to Be Perceived 240
1725 The Moral Sense 242
1730 Deism 244
1736 The Analogy of Religion 246
1739 A Treatise of Human Nature 248
1739 The Problem of Induction 250
1748 An Attack on Miracles 252
1748 The Spirit of the Laws 254
1751 Morality Is Rooted in Feeling 256
1754 America's First Major Philosopher 258
1759 Candide 260
c. 1760 The Birth of Romanticism 262
1762 The Social Contract 264
1762 Emile and Natural Education 266
1764 The Philosophy of Common Sense 268
1770 A Godless, Mechanistic Universe 270
1779 Hume's Dialogues 272
1781 Critique of Pure Reason 274
1785 The Categorical Imperative 276
1787 The Federalist 278
1789 Utilitarianism 280
1790 Critique of Judgment 282
1790 Forefather of Conservatism 284
1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 286
c. 1795 The Beginnings of German Idealism 288
1807 The Phenomenology of Spirit 290
1819 The Philosophy of Pessimism 292
1821 The Real Is the Rational 294
1830 Positivism 296
1832 Law and Morality Are Separate 298
1836 American Transcendentalism 300
1841 Idealism Is Turned Upside Down 302
1843 Existentialism 304
1843 A System of Logic 306
1846 Truth Is Subjectivity 308
1848 The Communist Manifesto 310
1854 Walden 312
1859 On Liberty 314
1859 Darwin's Origin of Species 316
1862 Social Darwinism 318
1863 Refined Utilitarianism 320
c. 1865 The Rise of British Idealism 322
1867 Capital 324
1869 The Subjection of Women 326
1874 The Methods of Ethics 328
1878 Intentionality 330
1878 Origins of Pragmatism 332
1879 The New Logic 334
1882 "God Is Dead" 336
1882 Perspectivism 338
1887 The Revaluation of Values 340
1890 The Principles of Psychology 342
1897 "The Will to Believe" 344
1900 Phenomenology 346
1901 Environmental Preservationism 348
1902 The Varieties of Religious Experience 350
1903 Ethical Intuitionism 352
1903 The Analytic-Continental Split 354
1905 The Theory of Definite Descriptions 356
1907 Pragmatism 358
1907 Vitalism 360
1910 Principia Mathematica 362
1912 The Problems of Philosophy 364
1916 Progressive Education 366
1918 Logical Atomism 368
1920 Contemplation vs. Enjoyment 370
c. 1920 Neo-Thomism 372
1921 The Picture Theory of Language 374
1923 I and Thou 376
1925 Instrumentalism 378
1927 Being and Time 380
1927 Religion as Wish Fulfillment 382
1929 Process Philosophy 384
1929 An Idealist View of Life 386
1930 Deontological Intuitionism 388
1932 Ordinary Language Philosophy 390
1934 The Rejection of Metaphysics 392
1936 Logical Positivism 394
1938 Nausea 396
1942 Existential Defiance 398
1943 Being and Nothingness 400
1944 Emotivism 402
1945 The Phenomenology of Perception 404
1946 Atheistic Existentialism 406
1949 The Ghost in the Machine 408
1949 The Second Sex 410
1949 Ecocentrism 412
1951 "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" 414
1952 Prescriptivism 416
1953 Philosophical Investigations 418
1953 Impossibility of a Private Language 420
1954 The New Riddle of Induction 422
1957 Intention 424
1959 Falsifiability in Science 426
1959 Descriptive Metaphysics 428
1960 The Indeterminacy of Translation 430
1960 Hermeneutics 432
1960 Functionalism 434
1961 Legal Positivism 436
1962 Scientific Revolutions 438
1962 Oxford Ordinary Language Philosophy 440
1963 The Gettier Problem 442
1966 Soul-Making Theodicy 444
1967 Deconstruction 446
c. 1968 The (Re)birth of Applied Ethics 448
1968 Mind-Brain Identity Theory 450
1970 Anomalous Monism 452
1971 A Theory of Justice 454
c.1971 The Rise of Informal Logic 456
1974 Political Libertarianism 458
1974 "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" 460
1974 Essentialism 462
1975 Animal Liberation 464
1975 Power/Knowledge 466
c. 1976 Emergence of Feminist Philosophy 468
1977 Moral Anti-Realism 470
1977 Taking Rights Seriously 472
1979 The New Pragmatism 474
1979 Postmodernism 476
1979 Reliabilism 478
1980 The Chinese Room 480
1980 The Causal Theory of Reference 482
1981 The Revival of Virtue Ethics 484
1981 Critical Theory 486
1982 In a Different Voice 488
1984 Revival of Christian Philosophy 490
1984 Reasons and Persons 492
1984 The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law 494
1985 The Peculiar Institution of Morality 496
1987 Pragmatic Realism 498
1989 Religious Pluralism 500
1991 Philosophical Zombies 502
2000 The Capability Approach 504
2004 The New Atheists 506
2006 Cosmopolitanism 508
2011 The Triple Theory of Ethics 510
Notes and Further Reading 513
Image Credits 523
Index 524
