Table of Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Introduction: The Lost History of Global Intelligence 1
1 In the Beginning: Spies of the Bible and Ancient Egypt from Moses to the Last Supper 13
2 Intelligence Operations in Ancient Greece: Myth and Reality from Odysseus to Alexander the Great 27
3 Intelligence and Divination in the Roman Republic 40
4 The Art of War and the Arthashastra: How China and India Took an Early Lead over Greece and Rome 54
5 The Roman Empire and the Untermenschen 70
6 Muhammad and the Rise of Islamic Intelligence 86
7 Inquisitions and Counter-Subversion 100
8 Renaissance Venice and the Rise of Western Intelligence 118
9 Ivan the Terrible and the Origins of Russian State Security 141
10 Elizabeth I, Walsingham and the Rise of English Intelligence 158
11 The Decline of Early Stuart and Spanish Intelligence, and the Rise of the French Cabinet Noir 191
12 Intelligence and Regime Change in Britain: From the Civil War to the Popish Plot 214
13 Intelligence in the Era of the Sun King 242
14 Codebreakers and Spies in Ancien Régime Europe: From the Hanoverian Succession to the Seven Years War 269
15 Intelligence and American Independence 292
16 The French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars 312
17 The Napoleonic Wars 339
18 Intelligence and Counter-Revolution. Part I: From the Congress of Vienna to the 1848 Revolutions 363
19 Intelligence and Counter-Revolution. Part II: From 1848 to the Death of Karl Marx 386
20 The Telegraph, Mid-Century Wars and the 'Great Game' 402
21 'The Golden Age of Assassination': Anarchists, Revolutionaries and the Black Hand, 1880-1914 425
22 The Great Powers and Foreign Intelligence, 1890-1909 449
23 Intelligence and the Coming of the First World War 472
24 The First World War. Part 1: From the Outbreak of War to the Zimmermann Telegram 497
25 The First World War. Part 2: From American Intervention to Allied Victory 543
26 Sigint and Humint between the Wars 573
27 The 'Big Three' and Second World War Intelligence 603
28 Intelligence and the Victory of the Grand Alliance 637
29 The Cold War and the Intelligence Superpowers 669
30 'Holy Terror': From the Cold War to 9/11 701
Conclusion: Twenty-First-Century Intelligence in Long-Term Perspective 731
Bibliography 761
Abbreviations Used in the Notes and References 819
Notes 821
Acknowledgements 876
Index 879