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All IP in 3G CDMA Networks covers all the key aspects of UMTS and its implementation from both the engineering designer and the operator and service providers' point of view. It addresses the essential tasks involved in the UMTS network deployment in new regions and within existing 2G/2.5G networks.
Key features:
While the history of mobile communications is long, and the background of mobile networks thereby is also long, in this chapter we focus on the historic evolution in terms of network architecture and services starting with Second Generation (2G) mobile systems. In particular, we consider the development of the architecture of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), since it is by far the most widespread mobile system in the world today. This will provide the basis to cover the introduction of Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services (UMTS) in relation to its Core Network (CN) and radio architectures. The latter will in turn serve as the platform to present UMTS radio-access technology, which is one of the aims of this book.
1.1 THE GROWTH OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Today wireless voice service is one of the most convenient and flexible means of modern communication. GSM technology has been at the leading edge of this wireless revolution. It is the technology of choice in over 120 countries and for more than 200 operators worldwide. Figure 1.1 illustrates how current estimates indicate that by theyear 2005 there will be around 1.4 billion wireless subscribers (i.e. wireless access network access - mobile telephone users), out of which more than 50% will depend on GSM technology and its evolution.
As the wireless revolution has been unfolding, the Internet has also shown a phenomenal growth simultaneously. The advent of the World Wide Web and web browsers has propelled TCP/IP protocols into the main stream, and the Internet is widespread not only in the corporate environment but also in households. Large number of consumers have embraced the Internet and use it today to access information online, for interactive business transactions and e-commerce as well as electronic mail.
The success of mobile communications, i.e. the ubiquitous presence it has established, and the emergence of the Internet point towards a tremendous opportunity to offer integrated services through a wireless network.
One of the main market segments for wireless services besides corporate intranet/Internet access is the consumer sector. The availability of intelligent terminals or multi-purpose wireless telephones is already ushering a new era of the information age, where subscribers can receive the following directly through GSM/GPRS: news, sport updates, stock quotes, etc. However, the progress of audio-visual techniques and the support for a web-like interface in a new generation of terminals will push consumers to a new era of multimedia communications with a focus on services rather than technology. Figure 1.2 illustrates the 3G subscriber growth, which will enhance and accelerate multimedia communications in the mobile arena.
1.2 ROADMAP TO BROADBAND WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA
Broadband Wireless Multimedia (BWM) has started long ago, however, only recently it has been in the main stream of the development within mobile networks. The ubiquitous presence of Radio Frequency (RF), network, terminal and software technology has motivated the expansion of wide-band wireless applications in the cellular network environment. As these technologies blend, the number of applicational possibilities grow higher and higher, and so does the system intricacy.
Thus, to a great extent the evolution and success of BWM depend on the efficient blending of technologies and making it available to users outside its design sophistication.
Today UMTS stands as the platform to make BWM a practical reality, it offers a framework with open standards, which harmonises the building blocks and assures consistency in its evolution. Contrary to what it may appear, it does not only offer an advanced radio interface, UMTS also incorporates all the building blocks to make BWM easy towards the user by masking the unavoidable complexity through a well-defined architectural structure. It comprises the contribution of all network domains and terminal technologies. It sets not only specifications for infrastructure elements but also the technical recommendations to implement services and applications, as well as network management.
This book starting with this first chapter aims to expand the key building blocks of UMTS and thereby offers a concise perception of its capabilities and characteristics to enable BWM through the next decade.
To support the growth of Internet-type services and future demands for wireless services, ETSI SMG, 3GPP and other standards bodies have completed or are now completing specifications to provide a transition platform or evolution path for wireless networks like GSM. Figure 1.3 illustrates the wireless data technology options, which could be summarised as follows:
14.4 kilo bits per second (kbps) allows GSM data calls with a rate of 14.4 kbps per time slot, resulting in a 50% higher data throughput compared to the current maximum speed of 9.6 kbps.
High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) aggregates symmetrically or asymmetrically several circuit channels, e.g. 28.8 kbps for two time slots (2 + 2) or 43.2 kbps for three time slots (3 + 1).
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enables GSM with Internet access at high spectrum efficiency by sharing time slots between different users. It affords data rates of over 100 kbps to a single user while offering direct IP connectivity.
Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) modifies the radio link modulation scheme from GMSK to 8QPSK, thereby increasing by three times the GSM throughput using the same bandwidth. EDGE in combination with GPRS (E-GPRS) will deliver single-user data rates of over 300 kbps.
UMTS as Third Generation T G (3G) wireless technology utilises a wide-band CDMA or TD/CDMA transceiver. Starting with channel bandwidths of 5 MHz it will offer data rates up to 2 Mbps. The introduction of UMTS with Release 1999 (R99) will use new spectrum and new radio network configurations while using the GSM core infrastructure.
Although the circuit-switched enhancements such as HSCSD has increased transmission rates, it is packet-switched enhancements which will meet the challenges or demands posed on current wireless networks. Thus, GPRS and UMTS with EDGE as an intermediate solution will provide the platform to support integrated services of voice and data including multimedia.
As seen in Figure 1.3, after the introduction of R99, where the main innovation took place in the radio side with the incorporation of WCDMA, subsequent releases of UMTS (e.g. R5, R6, etc.) will bring evolution in the core by adding 'All IP' features. Thus, by 2005 UMTS (CNs) will support real-time packet switching to enhance VoIP and streaming, for example. By this time, continuing innovation in the radio will also start expanding transmission rates up to 20 Mbps with High-Speed Packet Downlink Access (HSPDA) and intelligent or Adaptive Antennas (AA).
Figure 1.3 illustrates also the 2010s period, where UMTS will aim to offer end-to-end IP transport (i.e. RAN and core) plus new radio technologies and push transmission rates up by 100 Mbps. Therefore, it seems reasonable to think that UMTS and its seamless complementary access technologies (e.g. WLAN and Bluetooth) will serve as the BWM platform for future mobile network evolution.
While GPRS and UMTS meet the demands for Internet (IP) features and higher bandwidths in mobile networks, another evolution step is taking place in the network infrastructure. This is the convergence of single networks into a multi-purpose backbone network. The next section covers this step, which will also have an impact on the implementation of UMTS radio-access technology.
1.2.1 Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks
Convergence, i.e. the closer inter-working between fixed and mobile telecommunications, although has long been a buzzword in the telecom market, is now coming into reality. As Ericsson puts it, fixed and mobile convergence includes everything from new services to the integration of nodes, networks and operating systems. The user may have, e.g. the same voice mailbox for fixed and mobile telephony, while the operator can also use the large sections of the network in a co-ordinated manner for different types of access. Thus, convergence is now a new frontier in communications, where UMTS will evolve.
Figure 1.4 illustrates how single service networks will evolve into multi-purpose networks with multi-level access points. With IP becoming more pervasive in the backbone, the challenge of integrating voice and data services in the fixed and mobile environments become more formidable.
It boils down to the transformation of the telecom, computer and media industry, resulting into the converged industry as illustrated in Table 1.1.
Clearly then, UMTS will be part of the convergent industry with a trend towards multi-services within integrated infrastructures.
1.2.2 The Next Decade of UMTS
Predominant standards will drive the evolution of mobile networks in the context of convergence and growth of the wireless Internet. For example, Figure 1.5 shows technology trends, in which GSM and WCDMA will set the path for expansion into fully BWM systems. The global evolution will result into one seamless network, where GSM radio operating at 800, 900, 1800 or 1900 MHz spectrum with nationwide coverage will share CN, transport, sites, terminals and network management with WCDMA radio operating at 2 GHz frequency with urban and sub-urban coverage at the beginning.
Thus, an extension of coverage and service beyond 2005 will to a great degree follow the UMTS path, using WCDMA and its enhancements as the radio-access technology. On the other hand, EDGE or other technologies will still serve as an alternative for expansion, as it is happening in the US with some operators.
However, in terms of throughput and broadband capabilities, WCDMA offers more. Figures 1.6 and 1.7 illustrate a reference comparison of packet performance, where WCDMA supports more users and higher throughput than concurrent access techniques, e.g. CDMA2000 and EDGE. The latter utilises existing 200 kHz GSM spectrum carrier as a direct evolution in the air-interface side, while CDMA2000 uses 1.25 MHz carrier also as direct radio evolution of IS-95.
UMTS works with new and existing spectrum using a 5 MHz carrier built on GSM core network. Therefore, there will be coverage with seamless handover between WCDMA and GSM/GPRS networks even if UMTS starts covering primarily urban areas at its introduction.
UMTS, taking advantage in most countries from GSM covering nationwide with either 800, 900, 1800 or 1900 MHz, one core GSM/UMTS (utilising one transport, sharing as many sites as possible, exploiting GSM/UMTS multi-mode terminals) and one network management system, stands as the seamless global network of the future.
Figure 1.7 illustrates how as a whole, WCDMA radio in UMTS offers the capabilities to expand in terms of throughput and co-exists with evolving network technologies. WCDMA offers more traffic per radio carrier, thereby higher capacity and lower cost per user. For example, within 200 kHz GSM carrier, we can support 8 voice users, while with 5 MHz WCDMA carrier we go up to 76 voice users.
Furthermore, as seen in Figure 1.7 projections indicate that later releases of UMTS will support more users than CDMA2000 and EDGE with higher QoS and throughput. Although such comparisons are relative and depend on assumptions selected as well as the measurement criteria, the potential of WCDMA is there due to its larger bandwidth.
Finally, the optimisation potential of UMTS through capacity enhancing techniques are yet to appear in the field. Hence, it remains to exploit improvements in:
basic system algorithms, e.g. reduce operating [E.sub.o]/[N.sub.o] in the baseband,
radio network, e.g. optimise admission and congestion control,
power management, e.g. self-optimised power control for more efficient SHO,
transmission diversity improvements in the downlink,
hierarchical cell structure to maximise service options,
adaptive antennas, beam-forming methods, optimised modulation, etc.
1.3 UMTS PERFORMANCE ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES
Information and material science technology as well as design and manufacturing techniques continue advancing with positive impacts on telecommunications, and thereby also in UMTS. Hence, in the following we will aim to gather key applications, which will increase the overall performance of UMTS, e.g. as noted above. Since the scope for progress can be large, this section will only summarise main solutions and outputs but not necessarily cover in depth all aspects studied already or under study in related technical literature. The main areas of interest include means to increase capacity, efficient transport and spectrum efficiency. While the options to achieve these objectives may vary from contribution to contribution, here we will attempt to pick up the main stream, which is somehow also supported by the standard bodies.
1.3.1 Drivers To Rise Output
The first set of key drivers to maximise output and performance from current and forthcoming mobile infrastructure solutions include the following:
Spectrum availability and cost-limited frequency ranges for UMTS coupled with speculation for high profits has made ownership extremely expensive and now it must be exploited by all means.
Mixed-media wireless data applications will require essentially more bandwidth to enrich and motivate mobile users. After all, UMTS is meant to enhance consumer experience at all levels and make wireless multimedia ubiquitous.
Packing more bits within an allocated frequency implies improving spectral efficiency, which in turn allows more users to be served at larger rates. This provides a vital means for cost reduction.
Maximum coverage besides broadband transmission, i.e. high rate services, has also become an important concern to augment and speed up 'Return of Investments' (ROI).
Before we list the different technologies maturing to provide a great opportunity to achieve substantial increases in spectral efficiency, coverage and overall system cost reduction, we shall bring the criteria to apply these into commercial solutions.
1.3.2 Applying New Technologies in Evolving UMTS Networks
Above all, technologies are to facilitate and make easier the provision of new services and not make it more complex, needless to say more costly. Thus, we have to see how services will flow in the infrastructure:
Broadband data services will be asymmetric. Thus, the downlink will represent greater challenge assuming that traffic volumes will be higher downwards at first.
Packet data, as the new main stream traffic, will require adaptive modulation and coding to maximise throughput in order to maintain flexibility and high performance.
Continues...
Excerpted from All IP in 3G CDMA Networks by Jonathan P. Castro Copyright © 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd . Excerpted by permission.
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Preface.
Abbreviations.
1. Evolving Mobile Networks.
1.1 The Growth of Mobile Communications.
1.2 Roadmap to Broadband Wireless Multimedia.
1.3 UMTS Performance Enhancing Technologies.
1.4 UMTS Network Requirements.
1.5 Conclusions.
References.
2. System Analysis Fundamentals.
2.1 Fundamentals of System Analysis.
2.2 The 3G Communications Environment.
2.3 Concluding Remarks.
References.
3. UMTS Service Components.
3.1 The Service Creation Environment.
3.2 The UMTS Bearer Architecture.
3.3 QoS Attributes in UMTS Bearer Services.
3.4 UMTS Quality of Service Classes and Attributes.
3.5 Mapping QoS Attributes.
3.6 End-to-End QoS.
3.7 QoS within Inter-Working Scenarios.
3.8 Applications and Service Offerings.
3.9 Conclusions.
References.
4. The UTRA Physical Layer Design.
4.1 Summary of Features.
4.2 Dedicated and Common Transport Channels.
4.3 Configuration of FDD Physical Channels.
4.4 Configuration of TDD Physical Channels.
4.5 Spreading and Modulation in TDD.
4.6 Multiplexing and Channel Coding.
References.
Appendix A: DPDCH and DPCCH Fields.
Appendix B: Bit Patterns Compressed Mode and Npilot = 4.
5. The UMTS Development Platform.
5.1 Architecture and Deployment Scenarios.
5.2 The Core Network Domain.
5.3 The UMTS Network Configuration Beyond R99.
5.4 The Access Network Domain.
5.5 UTRAN Identifiers and Functions.
5.6 Mobility Management.
5.7 UTRAN Synchronisation and O&M Requirements.
5.8 UTRAN Interfaces.
5.9 Inter-working of UTRAN Interfaces.
5.10 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture.
References.
Appendix A: UMTS Functional Domains.
6. IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS).
6.1 Background.
6.2 Framework for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem.
6.3 IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Configuration.
6.4 Mobility Management.
6.5 Multimedia Signalling.
6.6 IMS Procedures and Session Flows.
6.7 IMS Transport Issues.
6.8 Deploying IMS Solutions.
6.9 Conclusions.
References.
7. Deploying 3G Networks.
7.1 Background.
7.2 Network Dimensioning Principles.
7.3 Parameters for Multi-service Traffic.
7.4 Establishing Service Models.
7.5 Projecting Capacity Needs.
7.6 Cellular Coverage Planning Issues.
7.7 Dimensioning RNC Interfaces.
7.8 Radio Network Dimensioning Field Study.
7.9 Core Network (CN) Design.
7.10 Transmission Network Assessment.
7.11 Co-Locating and Sharing Sites.
7.12 Co-locating Antenna Systems.
7.13 Conclusions.
References.
8. High Speed Downlink Packet Access.
8.1 Background.
8.2 HSDPA and Radio-Access Network Architecture.
8.3 Structure of the HSDPA Physical Layer.
8.4 Coding in the HS-DSCH Channel.
8.5 Associated Signalling for HSDPA.
8.6 HSDPA Technology Evaluation and EU Features.
8.7 Terminal Receiver Aspects.
8.8 Conclusions.
References.
9. The UTRA Transmission System.
9.1 UMTS Spectrum Allocation.
9.2 Radio Transmission and Reception Aspects.
9.3 Transmitter Characteristics.
9.4 Receiver Characteristics.
9.5 UTRA RF Performance Examples.
9.6 Conclusions .
References.
10. 3G Services Enablers.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Content Distribution Platforms.
10.3 Facilitating Real Time IP Services.
10.4 Enabling Location Communication Services (LCS).
10.5 VHE/OSA.
10.6 Conclusions.
References.
11. Resource and Network Management.
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Radio Resource Management and Signalling.
11.3 Network Management.
11.4 UMTS Network Optimisation.
References.
12. Complementary UMTS Technologies.
12.1 WLANs and 3G Networks.
12.2 WLAN Deployment Scenarios.
12.3 Train WLANs and Other Deployment Scenarios.
12.4 Description of MO-WLAN Building Blocks.
12.5 Security and Authentication.
12.6 Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
12.7 All IP Radio-Access Network Characteristics.
12.8 WiMAX – Enhancing Broadband Hotspots.
12.9 Conclusions.
References.
Index.
Overview
All IP in 3G CDMA Networks covers all the key aspects of UMTS and its implementation from both the engineering designer and the operator and service providers' point of view. It addresses the essential tasks involved in the UMTS network deployment in new regions and within existing 2G/2.5G networks.
Key features: