Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Coal Ashes — Industrial Wastes or Beneficial By-Products? R F Keefer Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Bottom Ash and Boiler Slag Applications Fly Ash Applications Elements Found in Fly Ash, Soils, Plants, and Animals Use of Fly Ash for Plant Growth Disadvantages Advantages Enrichment Ratios Emphasis in Present Work and Direction of Future Research References Chapter 2: An Overview of Electric Power Institute (EPRI) Research Related to Effective Management of Coal Combustion Residues I.P Murarka, S.V Mattigod, and R.F Keefer Abstract Introduction Characterization of Coal Combustion Solid Residues Physical Properties Chemical Properties Composition of Extracts and Leachates Laboratory Experiments EPA Regulatory Tests Applied to Coal Combustion Residues Predictions of Leachate Compositions Chemistry and Geochemistry of Residue Disposal Laboratory Studies on Geochemical Parameters Porewater and Leachate Composition from Field Experiments Fly Ash Test Cell Disposal of FGD Wastes Laboratory and Field Studies at Fly Ash Disposal Sites Development of Computer Models Applications to Solid Residue Disposal Systems Conclusions Acknowledgments References ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM POWER PLANTS Chapter 3: Coal-Based Environmental Problems in a Low-Rainfall Tropical Region M. Agrawal, J. Singh, A. K. Jha, and J. S. Singh Abstract Introduction Study Area Location of Study Sites Climate Geology and Soil Vegetation Thermal Power Plants Ambient Air Quality Plant Performance in Relation to Air Quality Fly Ash and Trace Elements Coal Mine Spoil Physicochemical and Biological Properties General Floristics Plant Community Development Community Characteristics Shoot Biomass Root Biomass Effect of Age and Microsites Evaluation of Mine Spoil as a Medium for Plant Growth Growth Performance of Certain Directly Seeded Plants Conclusions and Recommendations Acknowledgment References Chapter 4: Trace Element Concentrations in the Soft Tissue of Transplanted Freshwater Mussels Near a Coal-Fired Power Plant C. S. Klusek, M. Heit, and S. Hodgkiss Abstract Introduction Experimental Study Site Sample Transplanting and Collection Sample Preparation and Analysis Mussels Water and Sediment Analytical Quality Control Data Analysis Results and Discussion Element Concentrations in Mussels Comparison of Metal Concentrations in Transplanted Mussels and Lake George Mussels Spatial and Temporal Variations in Mussel Concentrations Group 1 (Elevated) Group 2 Relation of Mussel Tissue Concentrations to Concentrations in Water and Surface Sediments Sediment and Water Concentrations Sediment Enrichment Factors Relation Between Mussel and Sediment Concentrations Relation Between Mussel and Water Concentrations Relation of Mussel Tissue Concentration to Coal- Combustion Products from Milliken Station Trace Elements Released from Milliken Station Relation of Metal Concentrations and Distance from the Power Plant Other Possible Sources of Pollution Marinas Agricultural Land Use Conclusions Acknowledgments References TESTS FOR AND MONITORING OF FOSSIL FUEL DISPERSION AND ASH DISPOSAL Chapter 5: Strontium and Lead Isotopes as Monitors of Fossil Fuel Dispersion R. W. Hurst, T. E. Davis, A. A. Elseewi, and A. L. Page Abstract Introduction The Geochemistry of Sr Strontium in Mixtures Isotopic Fractionation Strontium Isotopes as Tracers of Fly Ash Lead Isotopic Evolution in the Crust Materials and Methods Coal-Fired Power Plant Coal Tar Site Results and Discussion Coal-Fired Power Plant Criteria for Tracing FFR Dispersion On-Site Soil Leachates Off-Site Leachates and Brittlebush Monitoring Well and Evaporation Pond Waters Coal Tar Site Lead Concentrations Lead Isotopic Composition Soil Samples Water Samples Strontium Concentration and Isotopic Results Conclusions Coal-Fired Power Plant Coal Tar Site References Chapter 6: Baker Soil Test Applications for Land Reclamation, Animal Health, and Food Chain Protection D. E. Baker, F. G. Pannebaker, J. P. Senft and J. P. Coetzee Abstract Introduction Theory and Evolution of the BST Description of the BST Applications of the BST Sewage Sludge Treated Soils Strip Mine Spoils Fly Ash Disposal Areas Soils Contaminated by Smelters Coal Refuse Disposal Sites Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 2 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References TRANSPORT AND LEACHABILITY OF METALS FROM COAL AND ASH PILES Chapter 7: Multicomponent Transport Through Soil Subjected to Coal Pile Runoff Under Steady Saturated Flow M. A. Anderson, P. M. Bertsch, and L. W. Zelazny Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Study Site Soils Column Leaching Experiments Analytical Speciation Results and Discussion Coal Pile Runoff Soils Column Leaching Experiments pH Major Components Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Transition Metals Influence of Flow Rate on Observed Transport Solubility Relations Simple Modeling of Transport Implications for Groundwater Systems Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 8: Leachability of Ni, Cd, Cr, and As from Coal Ash Impoundments of Different Ages on the Savannah River Site S. S. Sandhu, G. L. Mills, and K. S. Sajwan Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Study Area Sampling Sites Sample Collection Leaching Studies Sample Analysis Results Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Ash Effects of Solution pH Leaching with Water Leaching with Acid Leaching with Base Effect of Redox Conditions Peroxide Leachate Reducing Leachate Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References USE OF COAL ASH FOR PLANT GROWTH Chapter 9: Extractable and Plant Concentrations of Metals in Amended Coal Ash A. P. Schwab Abstract Introduction Experimental Site Preparation Sampling and Analysis Results and Discussion Properties of the Ash Vegetative Yield Availability Indices and Plant Uptake Nitrogen Potassium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Boron Copper and Mo Zinc Lead and Cd Manganese Barium, Ni, and Cr Arsenic and Se Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 10: Uptake of Chemical Elements by Terrestrial Plants Growing on a Coal Fly Ash Landfill L. H. Weinstein, M. A. Arthur, R. E. Schneider, P. B. Woodbury J. A. Laurence, A. O. Beers, and G. Rubin Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Soils Forage Crops First Cutting (Alfalfa, Clover, Timothy) Second Cutting (Alfalfa, Clover) Third Cutting (Alfalfa) Root Crops Early Summer Harvest Late Summer Harvest — Gypsum Experiment Gypsum Effects Sweet Com and Field Com Sweet Com Field Com Indigenous Species Bromegrass, Milkweed, and Birdsfoot Trefoil Bitterweed and Wild Carrot Grown on the Landfill Discussion Acknowledgments References Chapter 11: Accumulation of Mo in Wheat and Alfalfa Grown on Fly Ash-Amended Acid Mine Spoils R. F. Keefer, D. K. Bhumbla, and R. N. Singh Abstract Introduction Literature Review Objectives Materials and Methods Fly Ash and Rock Phosphate Mine Spoils, Experimental Design, and Treatments Crops Grown, Harvesting Schedule, and Sample Preparation Plant Sample Analyses Soil Sampling and Analyses Statistical Analysis Results and Discussion Molybdenum Concentrations in Alfalfa Molybdenum Concentrations in Alfalfa with Cropping Molybdenum Concentrations in Wheat Molybdenum Reactions in Soil pH Reactions in Soils Relative to Mo Availability Molybdenum Fixation in Soils Molybdenum Concentrations in Mine Spoils Molybdenum Toxicity in Animals Conclusions Acknowledgments Chapter 12: Elements in Coal and Coal Ash Residues and Their Potential for Agricultural Crops M. P. Menon, K. S. Sajwan, G. S. Ghuman, J. James, and K. Chandra Abstract Introduction Literature Review Essential Elements for Plant Growth Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Elements in Ash Residues Physical and Chemical Properties Experimental Methods Materials Used in This Study Extraction of Elements from Coal and Coal Residues Column Studies to Measure Downward Movement of Elements in Soil Preparation of Fly Ash-Amended Composts Greenhouse Study Chemical Analysis Results and Discussion Physical and Chemical Properties of Coal and Coal Ash Vertical Deposition of Elements in Coal Ashes Distribution of Elements in Coal and Coal Ashes Downward Transport of Elements in Soil Analysis of “Homemade” Composts and Fly Ash-Amended Composts Effect of Fly Ash-Amended Compost on Agricultural Crops Correlation Studies Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References Index.