Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION — Chapter 1: Coal Ashes — Industrial Wastes or Beneficial By-Products? R F Keefer — Abstract — Introduction — Results and Discussion — Bottom Ash and Boiler Slag Applications — Fly Ash Applications — Elements Found in Fly Ash, Soils, Plants, and Animals — Use of Fly Ash for Plant Growth — Disadvantages — Advantages — Enrichment Ratios — Emphasis in Present Work and Direction of Future Research References — Chapter 2: An Overview of Electric Power Institute (EPRI) Research Related to Effective Management of Coal Combustion — Residues — I.P Murarka, S.V Mattigod, and R.F Keefer — Abstract — Introduction — Characterization of Coal Combustion Solid Residues — Physical Properties — Chemical Properties — Composition of Extracts and Leachates — Laboratory Experiments — EPA Regulatory Tests Applied to Coal Combustion — Residues — Predictions of Leachate Compositions — Chemistry and Geochemistry of Residue Disposal — Laboratory Studies on Geochemical Parameters — Porewater and Leachate Composition from Field — Experiments — Fly Ash Test Cell — Disposal of FGD Wastes — Laboratory and Field Studies at Fly Ash Disposal — Sites — Development of Computer Models — Applications to Solid Residue Disposal Systems — Conclusions — Acknowledgments — References — ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM POWER PLANTS — Chapter 3: Coal-Based Environmental Problems in a Low-Rainfall — Tropical Region — M. Agrawal, J. Singh, A. K. Jha, and J. S. Singh — Abstract — Introduction — Study Area — Location of Study Sites — Climate — Geology and Soil — Vegetation — Thermal Power Plants — Ambient Air Quality — Plant Performance in Relation to Air Quality — Fly Ash and Trace Elements — Coal Mine Spoil — Physicochemical and Biological Properties — General Floristics — Plant Community Development — Community Characteristics — Shoot Biomass — Root Biomass — Effect of Age and Microsites — Evaluation of Mine Spoil as a Medium for Plant Growth — Growth Performance of Certain Directly Seeded Plants — Conclusions and Recommendations — Acknowledgment — References — Chapter 4: Trace Element Concentrations in the Soft Tissue of Transplanted — Freshwater Mussels Near a Coal-Fired Power Plant — C. S. Klusek, M. Heit, and S. Hodgkiss — Abstract — Introduction — Experimental — Study Site — Sample Transplanting and Collection — Sample Preparation and Analysis — Mussels — Water and Sediment — Analytical Quality Control — Data Analysis — Results and Discussion — Element Concentrations in Mussels — Comparison of Metal Concentrations in Transplanted — Mussels and Lake George Mussels — Spatial and Temporal Variations in Mussel — Concentrations — Group 1 (Elevated) — Group 2 — Relation of Mussel Tissue Concentrations to Concentrations in Water and Surface Sediments — Sediment and Water Concentrations — Sediment Enrichment Factors — Relation Between Mussel and Sediment — Concentrations — Relation Between Mussel and Water Concentrations Relation of Mussel Tissue Concentration to Coal- — Combustion Products from Milliken Station — Trace Elements Released from Milliken Station — Relation of Metal Concentrations and Distance — from the Power Plant — Other Possible Sources of Pollution — Marinas — Agricultural Land Use — Conclusions — Acknowledgments — References — TESTS FOR AND MONITORING OF FOSSIL FUEL DISPERSION AND ASH DISPOSAL — Chapter 5: Strontium and Lead Isotopes as Monitors of Fossil Fuel — Dispersion — R. W. Hurst, T. E. Davis, A. A. Elseewi, and A. L. Page — Abstract — Introduction — The Geochemistry of Sr — Strontium in Mixtures — Isotopic Fractionation — Strontium Isotopes as Tracers of Fly Ash — Lead Isotopic Evolution in the Crust — Materials and Methods — Coal-Fired Power Plant — Coal Tar Site — Results and Discussion — Coal-Fired Power Plant — Criteria for Tracing FFR Dispersion — On-Site Soil Leachates — Off-Site Leachates and Brittlebush — Monitoring Well and Evaporation Pond Waters — Coal Tar Site — Lead Concentrations — Lead Isotopic Composition — Soil Samples — Water Samples — Strontium Concentration and Isotopic Results — Conclusions — Coal-Fired Power Plant — Coal Tar Site — References — Chapter 6: Baker Soil Test Applications for Land Reclamation, — Animal Health, and Food Chain Protection — D. E. Baker, F. G. Pannebaker, J. P. Senft and J. P. Coetzee — Abstract — Introduction — Theory and Evolution of the BST — Description of the BST — Applications of the BST — Sewage Sludge Treated Soils — Strip Mine Spoils — Fly Ash Disposal Areas — Soils Contaminated by Smelters — Coal Refuse Disposal Sites — Experiment No. 1 — Experiment No. 2 — Summary and Conclusions — Acknowledgments — References — TRANSPORT AND LEACHABILITY OF METALS FROM COAL AND ASH PILES — Chapter 7: Multicomponent Transport Through Soil Subjected to — Coal Pile Runoff Under Steady Saturated Flow — M. A. Anderson, P. M. Bertsch, and L. W. Zelazny — Abstract — Introduction — Materials and Methods — Study Site — Soils — Column Leaching Experiments — Analytical — Speciation — Results and Discussion — Coal Pile Runoff — Soils — Column Leaching Experiments — pH — Major Components — Alkali Metals — Alkaline Earth Metals — Transition Metals — Influence of Flow Rate on Observed Transport — Solubility Relations — Simple Modeling of Transport — Implications for Groundwater Systems — Summary and Conclusions — References — Chapter 8: Leachability of Ni, Cd, Cr, and As from Coal Ash Impoundments of Different Ages on the — Savannah River Site — S. S. Sandhu, G. L. Mills, and K. S. Sajwan — Abstract — Introduction — Materials and Methods — Study Area — Sampling Sites — Sample Collection — Leaching Studies — Sample Analysis — Results — Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Ash — Effects of Solution pH — Leaching with Water — Leaching with Acid — Leaching with Base — Effect of Redox Conditions — Peroxide Leachate — Reducing Leachate — Discussion — Conclusions — Acknowledgments — References — USE OF COAL ASH FOR PLANT GROWTH — Chapter 9: Extractable and Plant Concentrations of Metals in Amended — Coal Ash — A. P. Schwab — Abstract — Introduction — Experimental — Site Preparation — Sampling and Analysis — Results and Discussion — Properties of the Ash — Vegetative Yield — Availability Indices and Plant Uptake — Nitrogen — Potassium — Phosphorus — Magnesium — Sodium — Boron — Copper and Mo — Zinc — Lead and Cd — Manganese — Barium, Ni, and Cr — Arsenic and Se — Summary and Conclusions — Acknowledgment — References — Chapter 10: Uptake of Chemical Elements by Terrestrial Plants — Growing on a Coal Fly Ash Landfill — L. H. Weinstein, M. A. Arthur, R. E. Schneider, P. B. Woodbury J. A. Laurence, A. O. Beers, and G. Rubin — Abstract — Introduction — Materials and Methods — Results — Soils — Forage Crops — First Cutting (Alfalfa, Clover, Timothy) — Second Cutting (Alfalfa, Clover) — Third Cutting (Alfalfa) — Root Crops — Early Summer Harvest — Late Summer Harvest — Gypsum Experiment — Gypsum Effects — Sweet Com and Field Com — Sweet Com — Field Com — Indigenous Species — Bromegrass, Milkweed, and Birdsfoot Trefoil — Bitterweed and Wild Carrot Grown on — the Landfill — Discussion — Acknowledgments — References — Chapter 11: Accumulation of Mo in Wheat and Alfalfa Grown on — Fly Ash-Amended Acid Mine Spoils — R. F. Keefer, D. K. Bhumbla, and R. N. Singh — Abstract — Introduction — Literature Review — Objectives — Materials and Methods — Fly Ash and Rock Phosphate — Mine Spoils, Experimental Design, and Treatments — Crops Grown, Harvesting Schedule, and Sample — Preparation — Plant Sample Analyses — Soil Sampling and Analyses — Statistical Analysis — Results and Discussion — Molybdenum Concentrations in Alfalfa — Molybdenum Concentrations in Alfalfa with Cropping — Molybdenum Concentrations in Wheat — Molybdenum Reactions in Soil — pH Reactions in Soils Relative to Mo Availability — Molybdenum Fixation in Soils — Molybdenum Concentrations in Mine Spoils — Molybdenum Toxicity in Animals — Conclusions — Acknowledgments — Chapter 12: Elements in Coal and Coal Ash Residues and Their — Potential for Agricultural Crops — M. P. Menon, K. S. Sajwan, G. S. Ghuman, J. James, and K. Chandra — Abstract — Introduction — Literature Review — Essential Elements for Plant Growth — Vertical and Horizontal Distribution of Elements in — Ash Residues — Physical and Chemical Properties — Experimental Methods — Materials Used in This Study — Extraction of Elements from Coal and Coal Residues — Column Studies to Measure Downward Movement of — Elements in Soil — Preparation of Fly Ash-Amended Composts — Greenhouse Study — Chemical Analysis — Results and Discussion — Physical and Chemical Properties of Coal and Coal Ash — Vertical Deposition of Elements in Coal Ashes — Distribution of Elements in Coal and Coal Ashes — Downward Transport of Elements in Soil — Analysis of “Homemade” Composts and Fly — Ash-Amended Composts — Effect of Fly Ash-Amended Compost on — Agricultural Crops — Correlation Studies — Summary and Conclusions — Acknowledgments — References — Index.
