Table of Contents
Preface xvii
About the Author xix
How to Use This Book xxi
1 Principles of Limit State Design 1
1.1 Structural Design Philosophies 1
1.2 Allowable Stress Design Versus Limit State Design 7
1.3 Mechanical Properties of Structural Materials 17
1.4 Strength Member Types for Plated Structures 39
1.5 Types of Loads 41
1.6 Basic Types of Structural Failure 42
1.7 Fabrication Related Initial Imperfections 43
1.8 Age Related Structural Degradation 60
1.9 Accident Induced Damage 73
References 73
2 Buckling and Ultimate Strength of Plate–Stiffener Combinations: Beams, Columns, and Beam–Columns 79
2.1 Structural Idealizations of Plate–Stiffener Assemblies 79
2.2 Geometric Properties 82
2.3 Material Properties 82
2.4 Modeling of End Conditions 83
2.5 Loads and Load Effects 84
2.6 Effective Width Versus Effective Breadth of Attached Plating 85
2.7 Plastic Cross-Sectional Capacities 93
2.8 Ultimate Strength of the Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Under Bending 100
2.9 Ultimate Strength of the Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Under Axial Compression 110
2.10 Ultimate Strength of the Plate–Stiffener Combination Model Under Combined Axial Compression and Bending 126
References 132
3 Elastic and Inelastic Buckling Strength of Plates Under Complex Circumstances 135
3.1 Fundamentals of Plate Buckling 135
3.2 Geometric and Material Properties 136
3.3 Loads and Load Effects 136
3.4 Boundary Conditions 137
3.5 Linear Elastic Behavior 138
3.6 Elastic Buckling of Simply Supported Plates Under Single Types of Loads 138
3.7 Elastic Buckling of Simply Supported Plates Under Two Load Components 139
3.8 Elastic Buckling of Simply Supported Plates Under More than Three Load Components 147
3.9 Elastic Buckling of Clamped Plates 149
3.10 Elastic Buckling of Partially Rotation Restrained Plates 149
3.11 Effect of Welding Induced Residual Stresses 158
3.12 Effect of Lateral Pressure Loads 159
3.13 Effect of Opening 163
3.14 Elastic–Plastic Buckling Strength 168
References 176
4 Large-Deflection and Ultimate Strength Behavior of Plates 179
4.1 Fundamentals of Plate Collapse Behavior 179
4.2 Structural Idealizations of Plates 185
4.3 Nonlinear Governing Differential Equations of Plates 189
4.4 Elastic Large-Deflection Behavior of Simply Supported Plates 191
4.5 Elastic Large-Deflection Behavior of Clamped Plates 201
4.6 Elastic Large-Deflection Behavior of Partially Rotation Restrained Plates 206
4.7 Effect of the Bathtub Deflection Shape 210
4.8 Evaluation of In-Plane Stiffness Reduction Due to Deflection 214
4.9 Ultimate Strength 234
4.10 Effect of Opening 251
4.11 Effect of Age Related Structural Deterioration 257
4.12 Effect of Local Denting Damage 260
4.13 Average Stress–Average Strain Relationship of Plates 261
References 267
5 Elastic and Inelastic Buckling Strength of Stiffened Panels and Grillages 271
5.1 Fundamentals of Stiffened Panel Buckling 271
5.2 Structural Idealizations of Stiffened Panels 272
5.3 Overall Buckling Versus Local Buckling 277
5.4 Elastic Overall Buckling Strength 278
5.5 Elastic Local Buckling Strength of Plating Between Stiffeners 283
5.6 Elastic Local Buckling Strength of Stiffener Web 283
5.7 Elastic Local Buckling Strength of Stiffener Flange 289
5.8 Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength of Stiffeners 291
5.9 Elastic–Plastic Buckling Strength 299
References 299
6 Large-Deflection and Ultimate Strength Behavior of Stiffened Panels and Grillages 301
6.1 Fundamentals of Stiffened Panel Ultimate Strength Behavior 301
6.2 Classification of Panel Collapse Modes 302
6.3 Structural Idealizations of Stiffened Panels 305
6.4 Nonlinear Governing Differential Equations of Stiffened Panels 307
6.5 Elastic Large-Deflection Behavior After Overall Grillage Buckling 311
6.6 Ultimate Strength 315
6.7 Effects of Age Related and Accident Induced Damages 323
6.8 Benchmark Studies 323
References 331
7 Buckling and Ultimate Strength of Plate Assemblies: Corrugated Panels, Plate Girders, Box Columns, and Box Girders 333
7.1 Introduction 333
7.2 Ultimate Strength of Corrugated Panels 334
7.3 Ultimate Strength of Plate Girders 337
7.4 Ultimate Strength of Box Columns 347
7.5 Ultimate Strength of Box Girders 349
7.6 Effect of Age Related Structural Degradation 365
7.7 Effect of Accident Induced Structural Damage 365
References 366
8 Ultimate Strength of Ship Hull Structures 369
8.1 Introduction 369
8.2 Characteristics of Ship’s Hull Structures 369
8.3 Lessons Learned from Accidents 377
8.4 Fundamentals of Vessel’s Hull Girder Collapse 380
8.5 Characteristics of Ship Structural Loads 387
8.6 Calculations of Ship’s Hull Girder Loads 388
8.7 Minimum Section Modulus Requirement 392
8.8 Determination of Ultimate Hull Girder Strength 394
8.9 Safety Assessment of Ships 396
8.10 Effect of Lateral Pressure Loads 398
8.11 Ultimate Strength Interactive Relationships Between Combined Hull Girder Loads 403
8.12 Shakedown Limit State Associated with Hull Girder Collapse 408
8.13 Effect of Age Related Structural Degradation 410
8.14 Effect of Accident Induced Structural Damage 413
References 417
9 Structural Fracture Mechanics 421
9.1 Fundamentals of Structural Fracture Mechanics 421
9.2 Basic Concepts for Structural Fracture Mechanics Analysis 424
9.3 More on LEFM and the Modes of Crack Extension 427
9.4 Elastic–Plastic Fracture Mechanics 432
9.5 Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Its Relationship to the Stress Intensity Factor 441
9.6 Buckling Strength of Cracked Plate Panels 443
9.7 Ultimate Strength of Cracked Plate Panels 450
References 467
10 Structural Impact Mechanics 471
10.1 Fundamentals of Structural Impact Mechanics 471
10.2 Load Effects Due to Impact 473
10.3 Material Constitutive Equation of Structural Materials Under Impact Loading 476
10.4 Ultimate Strength of Beams Under Impact Lateral Loads 485
10.5 Ultimate Strength of Columns Under Impact Axial Compressive Loads 487
10.6 Ultimate Strength of Plates Under Impact Lateral Pressure Loads 489
10.7 Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Panels Under Impact Lateral Loads 494
10.8 Crushing Strength of Plate Assemblies 494
10.9 Tearing Strength of Plates and Stiffened Panels 502
10.10 Impact Perforation of Plates 508
10.11 Impact Fracture of Plates and Stiffened Panels at Cold Temperature 510
10.12 Ultimate Strength of Plates Under Impact Axial Compressive Loads 511
10.13 Ultimate Strength of Dented Plates 513
References 533
11 The Incremental Galerkin Method 539
11.1 Features of the Incremental Galerkin Method 539
11.2 Structural Idealizations of Plates and Stiffened Panels 539
11.3 Analysis of the Elastic–Plastic Large-Deflection Behavior of Plates 542
11.4 Analysis of the Elastic–Plastic Large-Deflection Behavior of Stiffened Panels 552
11.5 Applied Examples 572
References 586
12 The Nonlinear Finite Element Method 587
12.1 Introduction 587
12.2 Extent of the Analysis 587
12.3 Types of Finite Elements 588
12.4 Mesh Size of Finite Elements 588
12.5 Material Modeling 593
12.6 Boundary Condition Modeling 596
12.7 Initial Imperfection Modeling 597
12.8 Order of Load Component Application 598
References 601
13 The Intelligent Supersize Finite Element Method 603
13.1 Features of the Intelligent Supersize Finite Element Method 603
13.2 Nodal Forces and Nodal Displacements of the Rectangular Plate Element 604
13.3 Strain versus Displacement Relationship 605
13.4 Stress versus Strain Relationship 607
13.5 Tangent Stiffness Equation 608
13.6 Stiffness Matrix for the Displacement Component, θ z 611
13.7 Displacement (Shape) Functions 611
13.8 Local to Global Transformation Matrix 612
13.9 Modeling of Flat Bar Stiffener Web and One-Sided Stiffener Flange 612
13.10 Applied Examples 613
References 632
Appendices 635
A.1 Source Listing of the FORTRAN Computer Program CARDANO 635
A.2 SI Units 636
A.3 Density and Viscosity of Water and Air 638
A.4 Scaling Laws for Physical Model Testing 638
Index 643
