Value above Cost: Driving Superior Financial Performance with CVA, the Most Important Metric You've Never Used

Overview

This book systematically explains how to maximize shareholder value. Columbia University's Don Sexton fully identifies the real drivers of shareholder value, unifying key concepts from marketing, branding, economics, management, finance, accounting, and statistics. Sexton introduces a powerful new metric: Customer Value Added (CVA), the difference between customer-perceived value and variable cost per unit. Next, he demonstrates CVA at work, presents research and case studies that prove its value, and shows how ...

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Value Above Cost: Driving Superior Financial Performance with CVA, the Most Important Metric You've Never Used

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Overview

This book systematically explains how to maximize shareholder value. Columbia University's Don Sexton fully identifies the real drivers of shareholder value, unifying key concepts from marketing, branding, economics, management, finance, accounting, and statistics. Sexton introduces a powerful new metric: Customer Value Added (CVA), the difference between customer-perceived value and variable cost per unit. Next, he demonstrates CVA at work, presents research and case studies that prove its value, and shows how to use it to consistently measure, manage, and optimize profit, cash flow, and shareholder value. Readers will learn why CVA works; how to measure it; how changes in CVA correlate to changes in profits and cash flow; and how to use CVA to steer the enterprise. Along the way, Sexton illuminates CVA's key implications for managers, including why managers must focus attention simultaneously on both customers and costs, and why well-publicized "generic strategies" such as "net recommend" offer only part of the solution. Finally, drawing on his own extensive experience consulting on CVA and related issues, Sexton presents easy-to-use worksheets for translating CVA concepts into reality in your own organization.

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Product Details

  • ISBN-13: 9780136043324
  • Publisher: Pearson Prentice Hall
  • Publication date: 4/28/2009
  • Series: Pearson Custom Business Resources Series
  • Pages: 368
  • Sales rank: 971,214
  • Product dimensions: 6.10 (w) x 9.10 (h) x 1.20 (d)

Meet the Author

Donald E. Sexton, Ph.D., is Professor of Business at Columbia University, where for more than forty years he has taught marketing and quantitative methods and earned the Business School’s Distinguished Teaching Award. His numerous articles on marketing return, marketing, and branding strategy have appeared in publications such as the Harvard Business Review, Journal of Marketing Research, and Management Science. He is often quoted in media such as The New York Times, BusinessWeek, and WCBS. Dr. Sexton is the principal of The Arrow Group, Ltd.® which has provided consulting and training to companies such as GE, IBM, Pfizer, Unilever, Citigroup, DuPont, and Verizon. He has taught at the China Europe International Business School, UC-Berkeley, INSEAD, the Indian School of Business, the Australian Graduate School of Management, Skolkovo, and the U.S. Business School in Prague. Sexton holds an M.B.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in business economics, statistics, and mathematical methods and a B.A. from Wesleyan University in mathematics and economics. His books include Marketing 101, Branding 101, and Marketing and Management Science.

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Read an Excerpt

0136043321 / 9780136043324Foreword

Customer Value Added is the most critical concept for the business community to understand, embrace, and practice. The greater the value added, the greater the opportunity to drive profitability and, therefore, increase shareholder value—which is the primary objective of the CEO.

As business people, our primary responsibilities are to drive shareholder value by selling sufficient quantities of preferred and profitable products and services to consumers and customers. The key word in that sentence for marketers is preferred. Preference by consumers and customers may be real or it may be perceived—but it is a preference nonetheless.

Our job as marketers is to create preference via distinctive and differentiated communications. Not only must marketers create preference, but we must also try and grow it over time to ensure that the product or service can contribute positive cash flow to the business enterprise over the longer term. Preference equals perceived value. The more preference that marketers can drive, the more perceived value can be delivered to customers—thereby driving increasing levels of cash flow and shareholder value.

Professor Sexton can certainly explain these business dynamics far better than I—and he does—in this eloquent masterpiece of business marketing and economics. What is magnificent in Professor Sexton’s work is that he provides the fundamentals of how this business model effectively operates. By paying attention to these core fundamentals, marketers will improve their odds for delivering upon the CEO’s ultimate objective—driving shareholder value.

Many successful marketers have paid attention to the fundamentals—and have succeeded as a result. Let’s take a look at a few recent examples:

  • Apple’s iPod was brilliant—not in its technology—but in its marketing. Apple didn’t invent MP3 players or flash technology or recorded music. But what it did so well was it marketed the perceived benefits of portable and customized music. Apple’s technology was easily replicated—but not its leadership position. Consumers perceived that Apple was the preferred device for personal, customized music management. Customer value added could not have been higher as it reflected substantial marketplace preference.
  • Procter & Gamble’s Pampers brand is reinventing how parents choose diapers. Pampers created enormous equity and customer value by changing the conversation with consumers. While parents care about keeping their babies dry, Pampers went one step further and expanded the focus on total baby care. By doing so, Pampers tapped into the reservoir of parental goodwill, which was rapidly transferred to Pampers in terms of trust and preference. That meant marketplace leadership and growing profits. Was Pampers necessarily a better diaper? Probably not, but in the minds of parents it certainly was.

Does a lot of this sound familiar? Well it should—because this is the essence of building a successful brand. There is no greater responsibility for a marketer than to preserve, if not build, brand value. Building strong brands creates the core customer loyalty and longterm demand that gives marketers great latitude for creating price premiums among a sea of commodity-like products. What kind of price premium can marketers charge? Quite simply, it’s the perceived value that consumers ascribe to the product and service. The greater the perceived value, the greater opportunity to build margins via price, thereby increasing positive cash flows and brand profitability.

Professor Sexton’s book wonderfully and easily navigates the marketplace strategies and theories that serve as beacons for successful brand management. As you leap into the contours of this outstanding brand management perspective, know that there are many pitfalls lurking that can undercut a marketer’s ability to deliver the goods. Good marketers must follow core brand management practices that can often escape even the most savvy of marketers, for example:

  • Strong marketing accountability practices. Insufficient metrics and measurements can derail any good brand building management. In fact, it’s an old axiom, “You can’t manage what you can’t measure.” Marketers must continue to work to link marketing, finance, and a solid analytics to create targeted metrics that provide quick and compelling feedback on the impact of brand management programs.
  • Effective integrated marketing communications. As marketers have an expanding array of media to pursue their customer and consumer targets, they need to have a good foothold as to how they select the most effective media and decide on the levels of financial resources to devote to the use of various marketing approaches.
  • Outstanding marketing and media talent. The field of marketing has received increasing criticism for failing to keep the marketing management pipeline full of holistic business thinkers that can blend great creativity with dynamic leadership potential and superb business savvy. Those needs are critical, not only at the brand management level, but also in terms of the support resources at advertising and media agencies.

It’s certainly not easy being a marketer. But Professor Sexton makes it a lot easier by providing guidance on how to think about managing the significant challenges marketers face each and every day. And, now, it’s time for you to move from my take on Professor Sexton’s work and to create your own perspective. Enjoy the good reading. You probably won’t come across this wonderful path again. Many thanks Professor Sexton—not many could have said it as well as you.

Bob Liodice President & CEO ANA—The Association of National Advertisers

© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

Foreword xviii

Acknowledgments xx

About the Author xxi

Chapter 1 Marketing and Financial Performance 1

Determining Marketing Accountability 5

The Value of a Business 7

Customer Value and Costs 9

Perceived Value 10

A New Definition of Marketing 11

CVA® 12

Cost Orientation 13

Value Orientation 17

CVA® Orientation 19

Strategic Themes 21

Design and Communication 25

CVA® and Economic Development 29

Conclusions 32

Chapter 2 How CVA® Affects Financial Performance 33

CVA® and Financial Performance: Executive Summary 33

Perceived Value and Price 35

Demand Curves 39

Perceived Value and Revenue 41

Contribution 42

Revenue and Contribution: An Example 44

Shifting the Demand Curve 45

Sexton's Laws 48

Sexton's Revenue Law 48

Sexton's Contribution Law 50

Employing Sexton's Contribution Law 52

Contribution and Profit, Cash Flow, Shareholder Value, and Share Price 56

CVA® and Life Time Customer Value 58

Conclusions 62

Appendix: Derivations 63

Chapter 3 CVA® over Time 65

Levels of Sales Life Cycles 66

The Competitive Life Cycle 67

Sales Life Cycle 69

Margin Life Cycle 69

Unit Cost Life Cycle 69

Perceived Value Life Cycle 70

CVA® Life Cycle 73

Financial Performance over Time 76

Brand Equity 78

Valuing Brand Equity 81

Estimating Brand Equity 83

Conclusions 86

Chapter 4 Perceived Value 89

Expected, Actual, and Perceived Performance 90

Marketing Ratios 91

Determinants of Perceived Value 92

Branding and Perceived Value 95

Development of Perceived Value 98

Stages of Buyer Behavior 99

Managing Perceived Value 104

Measuring Perceived Value 112

Estimating DemandCurves 121

Conclusions 125

Chapter 5 Costs 127

The Income Statement in Custodial Format 127

Types of Costs 129

The Income Statement in Contribution Format 131

Identifying Costs for CVA® 134

Employing the Variable Margin Rate 136

Graphing Contribution 138

Fixed Costs 139

Breakeven Sales Level 139

Direct and Indirect Fixed Costs 144

Shutdown Sales Level 146

Evaluating Contribution 147

Conclusions 149

Chapter 6 Managing CVA® 151

Marketing Strategy Versus Marketing Tactics 151

Components of a Marketing Strategy 154

Identifying Possible Target Markets 156

Evaluating Possible Positions for the Product or Service 159

Determining Design 167

Selecting Target Segments 170

Developing Communications 173

Managing the Brand 176

Conclusions 179

Chapter 7 Managing CVA® over Time 181

Managing CVA® Through the Market Life Cycle 181

Financial Objectives Throughout the Competitive Life Cycle 185

Managing CVA® Throughout the Competitive Life Cycle 187

Introduction Stage 192

Rapid Growth Stage 196

Competitive Turbulence Stage 199

Maturity Stage 202

Decline Stage 203

Optimizing Financial Performance over Time 205

Conclusions 210

Chapter 8 Utilizing CVA® for Strategic Decisions 211

Targeting 212

CVA® and Market Segmentation 215

Using CVA® to Target Market Segments 219

Positioning 223

Using CVA® to Determine Positioning 226

Using CVA® to Evaluate Multiple Positions 227

CVA® and "Grey Markets" 232

Branding 233

Using CVA® to Build a Brand 235

CVA® and Brand Architecture 237

CVA® and Brand Extensions 241

CVA® and Co-Branding 243

Conclusions 246

Chapter 9 Utilizing CVA® for Marketing Program Decisions 247

Communications 249

CVA® and Communications 255

Using CVA® to Determine Communications Spending 257

Pricing 259

CVA® and Pricing 262

Using CVA® to Determine Pricing 262

Pricing in Multiple Markets 265

CVA® and Distribution 269

Conclusions 273

Chapter 10 Building the Marketing Accountability Scorecard 275

General Practice 276

Use of Specific Marketing ROI Measures 279

Searching for a Marketing Accountability Scorecard 284

Conclusions 291

Chapter 11 Organizing to Manage CVA® 293

How Individuals and Organizations Behave 295

Task Clarity 297

Effort 299

Rewards 300

Capabilities 301

Environment 307

Results 309

Conclusions 310

Endnotes 311

Index 329

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Preface

Foreword

Customer Value Added is the most critical concept for the business community to understand, embrace, and practice. The greater the value added, the greater the opportunity to drive profitability and, therefore, increase shareholder value—which is the primary objective of the CEO.

As business people, our primary responsibilities are to drive shareholder value by selling sufficient quantities of preferred and profitable products and services to consumers and customers. The key word in that sentence for marketers is preferred. Preference by consumers and customers may be real or it may be perceived—but it is a preference nonetheless.

Our job as marketers is to create preference via distinctive and differentiated communications. Not only must marketers create preference, but we must also try and grow it over time to ensure that the product or service can contribute positive cash flow to the business enterprise over the longer term. Preference equals perceived value. The more preference that marketers can drive, the more perceived value can be delivered to customers—thereby driving increasing levels of cash flow and shareholder value.

Professor Sexton can certainly explain these business dynamics far better than I—and he does—in this eloquent masterpiece of business marketing and economics. What is magnificent in Professor Sexton’s work is that he provides the fundamentals of how this business model effectively operates. By paying attention to these core fundamentals, marketers will improve their odds for delivering upon the CEO’s ultimate objective—driving shareholder value.

Many successful marketers have paid attention to the fundamentals—and have succeeded as a result. Let’s take a look at a few recent examples:

  • Apple’s iPod was brilliant—not in its technology—but in its marketing. Apple didn’t invent MP3 players or flash technology or recorded music. But what it did so well was it marketed the perceived benefits of portable and customized music. Apple’s technology was easily replicated—but not its leadership position. Consumers perceived that Apple was the preferred device for personal, customized music management. Customer value added could not have been higher as it reflected substantial marketplace preference.
  • Procter & Gamble’s Pampers brand is reinventing how parents choose diapers. Pampers created enormous equity and customer value by changing the conversation with consumers. While parents care about keeping their babies dry, Pampers went one step further and expanded the focus on total baby care. By doing so, Pampers tapped into the reservoir of parental goodwill, which was rapidly transferred to Pampers in terms of trust and preference. That meant marketplace leadership and growing profits. Was Pampers necessarily a better diaper? Probably not, but in the minds of parents it certainly was.

Does a lot of this sound familiar? Well it should—because this is the essence of building a successful brand. There is no greater responsibility for a marketer than to preserve, if not build, brand value. Building strong brands creates the core customer loyalty and longterm demand that gives marketers great latitude for creating price premiums among a sea of commodity-like products. What kind of price premium can marketers charge? Quite simply, it’s the perceived value that consumers ascribe to the product and service. The greater the perceived value, the greater opportunity to build margins via price, thereby increasing positive cash flows and brand profitability.

Professor Sexton’s book wonderfully and easily navigates the marketplace strategies and theories that serve as beacons for successful brand management. As you leap into the contours of this outstanding brand management perspective, know that there are many pitfalls lurking that can undercut a marketer’s ability to deliver the goods. Good marketers must follow core brand management practices that can often escape even the most savvy of marketers, for example:

  • Strong marketing accountability practices. Insufficient metrics and measurements can derail any good brand building management. In fact, it’s an old axiom, “You can’t manage what you can’t measure.” Marketers must continue to work to link marketing, finance, and a solid analytics to create targeted metrics that provide quick and compelling feedback on the impact of brand management programs.
  • Effective integrated marketing communications. As marketers have an expanding array of media to pursue their customer and consumer targets, they need to have a good foothold as to how they select the most effective media and decide on the levels of financial resources to devote to the use of various marketing approaches.
  • Outstanding marketing and media talent. The field of marketing has received increasing criticism for failing to keep the marketing management pipeline full of holistic business thinkers that can blend great creativity with dynamic leadership potential and superb business savvy. Those needs are critical, not only at the brand management level, but also in terms of the support resources at advertising and media agencies.

It’s certainly not easy being a marketer. But Professor Sexton makes it a lot easier by providing guidance on how to think about managing the significant challenges marketers face each and every day. And, now, it’s time for you to move from my take on Professor Sexton’s work and to create your own perspective. Enjoy the good reading. You probably won’t come across this wonderful path again. Many thanks Professor Sexton—not many could have said it as well as you.

Bob Liodice President & CEO ANA—The Association of National Advertisers

© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

Read More Show Less

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