Violence without Borders: The Internationalization of Crime and Conflict

by World Bank

Overview

Just like nearly every aspect of human experience, crime, conflict, and violence have become increasingly global. Around the world, civil wars, of which there are more today than at any time since the end of World War II, displace greater numbers of people ever farther from their countries of origin. Transnational terrorism has reached a 50-year high, in terms of both its incidence and the number of reported fatalities. Cross-border criminal markets--illicit drugs, human trafficking, wildlife trade, and so forth--take a heavy toll on the many societies they affect. This Policy Research Report, 'Violence without Borders: The Internationalization of Crime and Conflict', offers a unified framework to take stock of the theoretical and empirical literature on crime, conflict, and violence and to discuss how the international community organizes itself to address security as a regional and global public good. The increasingly global effects of crime and conflict require an equally global response to violence.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781464815256
Publisher:	World Bank Publications
Publication date:	06/26/2020
Series:	Policy Research Reports
Sold by:	INDEPENDENT PUB GROUP - EPUB - EBKS
Format:	eBook
Pages:	144
File size:	6 MB

About the Author

The World Bank came into formal existence in 1945 following the international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements. It is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. The organization's activities are focused on education, health, agriculture and rural development, environmental protection, establishing and enforcing regulations, infrastructure development, governance and legal institutions development. The World Bank is made up of two unique development institutions owned by its 185 Member Countries. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) focuses on middle income and creditworthy poor countries and the International Development Association (IDA), which focuses on the poorest countries in the world.

Table of Contents

Foreword ix

Acknowledgements xi

Executive Summary xiii

Abbreviations xvii

Overview 1

Notes 5

Reference 5

1 Crime, Conflict, and Violence without Borders 7

Armed conflict 8

Transnational terrorism 18

Illicit markets 21

Conclusion 30

Annex 1A The geographic dispersion of refugees 31

Notes 35

References 37

2 Transborder Determinants of Crime, Conflict, and Violence 43

The theoretical framework 44

Transborder drivers of conflict, crime, and violence 50

Can violence be avoided? 57

Foreign military interventions and development assistance 61

Conclusion 71

Annex 2A Contest model 71

Notes 75

References 77

3 Security in a Globalized World 89

Third-party interventions to prevent violence 89

When will other countries intervene in conflict situations? 91

Limits to the effectiveness of third-party interventions 102

Multilateralism and the delegation of foreign interventions 104

Concluding remarks and policy recommendations 106

Annex 3A The determinants of foreign interventions in civil conflict 110

Notes 118

References 119

Boxes

1.1 The gaps and data limitations of datasets on armed conflicts 9

2.1 Sanctions 62

2.2 Anti-money laundering and combatting the financing of terrorism 63

Figure

1.1 Armed conflicts: Incidence and fatalities, by type, 1989-2017 11

1.2 State-based armed conflicts, by type, 1946-2017 11

1.3 All armed conflicts, by type, 1989-2017 12

1.4 Global refugee population, 1951-2017 14

1.5 Average distance traveled by a refugee, 1987-2017 15

1.6 Share of refugees going to a contiguous country, 1987-2017 16

1.7 Mean Herfindahl index of destinations, five-year moving average, 1991-2017 17

1.8 Terrorist attacks and fatalities worldwide, 1970-2017 19

1.9 Transnational terrorist attacks and fatalities, 1970-2017 21

1.10 Cultivation and production of illicit narcotics, 1986-2017 23

1.11 Trends in detection of human trafficking, 2003-16 25

1.12 Domestic poaching incidents and transnational seizures 27

1.13 Piracy attacks, 1991-2018 28

1A.1 Average distance traveled by a refugee, five-year moving average, 1991-2017 32

1A.2 Share of refugees going to a contiguous country, five-year moving average, 1991-2017 32

1A.3 Refugees fleeing to wealthy OECD and European countries, five-year moving average 35

2.1 Equilibrium in a contest game 46

2.2 Determinants of violence in the contest success function model 48

2.3 Contest game and the cone of possible resource allocations 58

3.1 Trends in United Nations peacekeeping operations and global aid flows, 1947-2017 91

3.2 Intrastate wars and the number of foreign countries intervening, 1990-2017 95

3.3 Likelihood of foreign interventions over time, 1990-2017 96