When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David

When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David

by Susan Ackerman
When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David

When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David

by Susan Ackerman

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Overview

Toward the end of the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh King Gilgamesh laments the untimely death of his comrade Enkidu, "my friend whom I loved dearly." Similarly in the Bible, David mourns his companion, Jonathan, whose "love to me was wonderful, greater than the love of women." These passages, along with other ambiguous erotic and sexual language found in the Gilgamesh epic and the biblical David story, have become the object of numerous and competing scholarly inquiries into the sexual nature of the heroes' relationships. Susan Ackerman's innovative work carefully examines the stories' sexual and homoerotic language and suggests that its ambiguity provides new ways of understanding ideas of gender and sexuality in the ancient Near East and its literature.

In exploring the stories of Gilgamesh and Enkidu and David and Jonathan, Ackerman cautions against applying modern conceptions of homosexuality to these relationships. Drawing on historical and literary criticism, Ackerman's close readings analyze the stories of David and Gilgamesh in light of contemporary definitions of sexual relationships and gender roles. She argues that these male relationships cannot be taken as same-sex partnerships in the modern sense, but reflect the ancient understanding of gender roles, whether in same- or opposite-sex relationships, as defined as either active (male) or passive (female). Her interpretation also considers the heroes' erotic and sexual interactions with members of the opposite sex.

Ackerman shows that the texts' language and erotic imagery suggest more than just an intense male bonding. She argues that, though ambiguous, the erotic imagery and language have a critical function in the texts and serve the political, religious, and aesthetic aims of the narrators. More precisely, the erotic language in the story of David seeks to feminize Jonathan and thus invalidate his claim to Israel's throne in favor of David. In the case of Gilgamesh and Enkidu, whose egalitarian relationship is paradoxically described using the hierarchically dependent language of sexual relationships, the ambiguous erotic language reinforces their status as liminal figures and heroes in the epic tradition.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780231507257
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Publication date: 06/01/2005
Series: Gender, Theory, and Religion
Sold by: Barnes & Noble
Format: eBook
Pages: 336
File size: 18 MB
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About the Author

Susan Ackerman is professor of religion and women's and gender studies at Dartmouth College and chair of the Department of Religion. She is the author of Warrior, Dancer, Seductress, Queen: Women in Judges and Biblical Israel and Under Every Green Tree: Popular Religion in Sixth-Century Judah.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations
Prologue
1. Of Greeting Cards and Methods: Understanding Ancient Near Eastern Sex
The Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh
2. Introducing Gilgamesh
3. Gilgamesh and Enkidu
4. The Liminal Hero, Part 1
5. The Liminal Hero, Part 2
The Biblical Story of David and Jonathan
6. Introducing David
7. David and Jonathan
8. Liminality and Beyond
Epilogue
Notes
Bibliography
Index

What People are Saying About This

Saul M. Olyan

Painstakingly researched, consistently engaging, compellingly argued, When Heroes Love is a work of exemplary scholarship that will be of great interest both to specialist and nonspecialist readers seeking a deeper and more nuanced understanding of ancient West Asian heroic literature and its erotic dimensions.

Saul M. Olyan, Brown University, author of Biblical Mourning: Ritual and Social Dimensions

Susan Niditch

Susan Ackerman explores with her usual flair and creativity a hot topic in gender, eroticized portrayals of heroic twosomes in the ancient Near East. She engages recent and sometimes controversial scholarship and pays careful attention to details of language, style, narrative structure, and content, applying relevant methodologies from anthropology and women's studies. Ackerman seeks not only to understand the inner dynamic of these traditional tales but also to examine how such portrayals reflect a particular culture and worldview. At the same time, she is attentive to some of the recurring patterns that characterize all human experience, exploring how therite of passage and the coming of age is expressed in the traditional narrative media of the ancient Near East. This new work is an exciting and powerful contribution to the study of ancient Israelite culture.

Susan Niditch, Amherst College, author of Folklore and the Hebrew Bible

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