White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812, 2nd Ed.

Foreword Christopher Leslie Brown vii

Foreword Peter H. Wood xvii

Preface xxvii

Acknowledgments xxxv

Part 1 Genesis 1550-1700

I First Impressions: Initial English Confrontation with Africans 3

1 The Blackness Without 4

2 The Causes of Complexion 11

3 Defective Religion 20

4 Savage Behavior 24

5 The Apes of Africa 28

6 Libidinous Men 32

7 The Blackness Within 40

II Unthinking Decision: Enslavement of Negroes in America to 1700 44

1 The Necessities of a New World 45

2 Freedom and Bondage in the English Tradition 48

3 The Concept of Slavery 52

4 The Practices of Portingals and Spanyards 56

5 Enslavement: The West Indies 63

6 Enslavement: New England 66

7 Enslavement: Virginia and Maryland 71

8 Enslavement: New York and the Carolinas 83

9 The Un-English: Scots, Irish, and Indians 85

10 Racial Slavery: From Reasons to Rationale 91

Part 2 Provincial Decades 1700-1755

III Anxious Oppressors: Freedom and Control in a Slave Society 101

1 Demographic Configurations in the Colonies 102

2 Slavery and the Senses of the Laws 103

3 Slave Rebelliousness and White Mastery 110

4 Free Negroes and Fears of Freedom 122

5 Racial Slavery in a Free Society 128

IV Fruits of Passion: The Dynamics of Interracial Sex 136

1 Regional Styles in Racial Intermixture 137

2 Masculine and Feminine Modes in Carolina and America 144

3 Negro Sexuality and Slave Insurrection 150

4 Dismemberment, Physiology, and Sexual Perceptions 154

5 The Secularization of Reproduction 164

6 Mulatto Offspring in a Biracial Society 167

V The Souls of Men: The Negro's Spiritual Nature 179

1 Christian Principles and the Failure of Conversion 180

2 The Question of Negro Capacity 187

3 Spiritual Equality and Temporal Subordination 190

4 The Thin Edge of Antislavery 193

5 Inclusion and Exclusion in the Protestant Churches 198

6 Religious Revival and the Impact of Conversion 212

VI The Bodies of Men: The Negro's Physical Nature 216

1 Confusion, Order, and Hierarchy 217

2 Negroes, Apes, and Beasts 228

3 Rational Science and Irrational Logic 234

4 Indians, Africans, and the Complexion of Man 239

5 The Valuation of Color 252

6 Negroes Under the Skin 259

Part 3 The Revolutionary Era 1755-1783

VII Self-Scrutiny in the Revolutionary Era 269

1 Quaker Conscience and Consciousness 271

2 The Discovery of Prejudice 276

3 Assertions of Sameness 281

4 Environmentalism and Revolutionary Ideology 287

5 The Secularization of Equality 294

6 The Proslavery Case for Negro Inferiority 304

7 The Revolution as Turning Point 308

Part 4 Society and Thought 1783-1812

VIII The Imperatives of Economic Interest and National Identity 315

1 The Economics of Slavery 316

2 Union and Sectionalism 321

3 A National Forum for Debate 325

4 Nationhood and Identity 331

5 Non-English Englishmen 335

IX The Limitations of Antislavery 342

1 The Pattern of Antislavery 343

2 The Failings of Revolutionary Ideology 349

3 The Quaker View Beyond Emancipation 356

4 Religious Equalitarianism 361

5 Humanitarianism and Sentimentality 365

6 The Success and Failure of Antislavery 372

X The Cancer of Revolution 375

1 St. Domingo 375

2 Non-Importation of Rebellion 380

3 The Contagion of Liberty 386

4 Slave Disobedience in America 391

5 The Impact of Negro Revolt 399

XI The Resulting Pattern of Separation 403

1 The Hardening of Slavery 403

2 Restraint of Free Negroes 406

3 New Walls of Separation 414

4 Negro Churches 422

Part 5 Thought and Society 1783-1812

XII Thomas Jefferson: Self and Society 429

1 Jefferson: The Tyranny of Slavery 430

2 Jefferson: The Assertion of Negro Inferiority 435

3 The Issue of Intellect 440

4 The Acclaim of Talented Negroes 445

5 Jefferson: Passionate Realities 457

6 Jefferson: White Women and Black 461

7 Interracial Sex: The Individual and His Society 469

8 Jefferson: A Dichotomous View of Triracial America 475

XIII The Negro Bound by the Chain of Being 482

1 Linnaean Categories and the Chain of Being 483

2 Two Modes of Equality 486

3 The Hierarchies of Men 491

4 Anatomical Investigations 497

5 Unlinking and Linking the Chain 502

6 Faithful Philosophy in Defense of Human Unity 506

7 The Study of Man in the Republic 509

XIV Erasing Nature's Stamp of Color 512

1 Nature's Blackball 512

2 The Effects of Climate and Civilization 513

3 The Disease of Color 517

4 White Negroes 521

5 The Logic of Blackness and Inner Similarity 525

6 The Winds of Change 530

7 An End to Environmentalism 533

8 Persistent Themes 538

XV Toward a White Man's Country 542

1 Emancipation and Intermixture 542

2 The Beginning of Colonization 546

3 The Virginia Program 551

4 Insurrection and Expatriation in Virginia 560

5 The Meaning of Negro Removal 565

Epilogue

XVI Exodus 573

Note on the Concept of Race 583

Essay on Sources 586

Select List of Full Titles 610

Map: Percentage of Negroes in Total Non-Aboriginal Population, 1700 615

Index 617