Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation

by Robert Bartlett

Overview

A sweeping, authoritative, and entertaining history of the Christian cult of the saints from its origin to the Reformation

From its earliest centuries, one of the most notable features of Christianity has been the veneration of the saints—the holy dead. This ambitious history tells the fascinating story of the cult of the saints from its origins in the second-century days of the Christian martyrs to the Protestant Reformation. Robert Bartlett examines all of the most important aspects of the saints—including miracles, relics, pilgrimages, shrines, and the saints' role in the calendar, literature, and art.

The book explores the central role played by the bodies and body parts of saints, and the special treatment these relics received. From the routes, dangers, and rewards of pilgrimage, to the saints' impact on everyday life, Bartlett's account is an unmatched examination of an important and intriguing part of the religious life of the past—as well as the present.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780691169682
Publisher:	Princeton University Press
Publication date:	09/15/2015
Pages:	816
Product dimensions:	5.70(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.50(d)

About the Author

Robert Bartlett is professor of mediaeval history at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations xv

Preface xvii

Part I Developments 1

Chapter 1 Origins (100-500) 3

The Martyrs 3

The Religious Revolution of the Fourth Century 7

Translations 10

Rituals of Commemoration and Invocation 13

Confessor Saints 16

The Birth of Hagiography 19

The First Miracle Books 22

Chapter 2 The Early Middle Ages (500-1000) 27

The View from the 590s 29

Gregory the Great 43

The Benedictine Centuries 47

New Christendoms: Eastern and Northern Europe 52

Chapter 3 The High and Later Middle Ages (1000-1500) 57

Papal Canonization 57

Mendicant Saints 65

Lay Female Saints 71

New Devotions 77

Chapter 4 The Protestant Reformation 85

Part II Dynamics 93

Chapter 5 The Nature of Cult 95

Name, Body, Text 95

Patronage and Invocation: The Mutual Relationship 103

Chapter 6 Saints' Days 113

Liturgy 113

The Hierarchy of Feast-days 120

Saints' Days and Local Identity 129

Holy Days and Holidays 133

Chapter 7 Types of Saint 137

Counting Saints 137

Categorizing Saints 150

Saints as Patrons 221

Chapter 8 Relics and Shrines 239

Body Parts 239

Contact Relics 244

The Shrine in the Church 250

Running a Shrine 259

Reliquaries 263

Relic Collections 276

Relics in Movement 282

Relics in Law and War 311

Relics in Dispute 324

Chapter 9 Miracles 333

The Meaning of Miracle 333

Patterns of Miracles 342

Healing Miracles 349

Miracles of Provision 365

Visions, Prophecy, and Rapture 368

Saints in War 378

Saints and Demons 383

Saints and Animals 390

Liberation 398

Punitive Miracles 401

Chapter 10 Pilgrimage 410

Origins and Definitions 410

Pilgrim Garb and Status 417

Motives 421

The Shrines of Medieval Christendom 425

Logistics 433

Pilgrim Guides and Pilgrim Badges 439

Chapter 11 Dedications and Naming 444

Dedication of Churches and Altars 444

Place Names 454

Personal Names 459

Chapter 12 Images of the Saints 471

The Image in Early Christianity 471

Byzantine Iconoclasm 475

Images in the Medieval West 480

Chapter 13 The Literature of Sanctity 504

Types of Hagiography 504

Reasons for Writing 510

The Hagiographers 513

The Life 518

Legendaries 546

Miracle Books 558

Sermons 570

The Literature of Canonization Proceedings 576

Vernacular Hagiography 578

Chapter 14 Doubt and Dissent 587

Early Polemics 587

Western Heretics 591

Sceptics and Scoffers 596

Policing the Saints 602

Chapter 15 Reflections 609

Saints and Gods 609

Saints and Nature 618

Saints and the Dead 621

Tomb-shrines in Judaism and Islam 626

Saints and Ancestors 630

Comparisons and Conclusions 633

Glossary 639

Bibliography of Works Cited 641

Index 735

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

"The whole of medieval life is contained in Robert Bartlett's history of the cult of saints. Wisely combining a chronological account and thematic explorations, Bartlett surveys the whole of Europe and its vastly diverse people. This is a remarkable feat that takes the medieval passion for saints and their relics not as a given, but as an intellectual challenge. Bartlett shows that as Christian Europe lost the ancient gods of nature it gained a landscape marked by those great things that only very special dead people could do."—Miri Rubin, Queen Mary University of London

"This massive and encyclopedic survey is a remarkable guide to the complexities of medieval sanctity. It is so hard for modern readers to understand the role of medieval saints from within; this book makes it possible."—Chris Wickham, University of Oxford

"This is a great book, a bold work by an outstanding scholar and writer. Tackling the vast subject of medieval sainthood, Robert Bartlett has managed to produce a distinctly original account that is also an enjoyable and entertaining read, seasoned with humor. Bartlett has a keen eye for significant, and often paradoxical, quotations, situations, and personalities. I know of no other book that has attempted to grasp the entire subject of medieval sainthood. Its publication is a major event."—Gábor Klaniczay, Central European University

"Comprehensive, up-to-date, and highly readable, this ambitious survey of medieval sainthood is, in its scale and range, unlike any other book on the subject. Robert Bartlett successfully balances an astute analysis of the underlying and universal dynamics driving the medieval conception of, and response to, sanctity, with an imaginative depiction of chronological and regional variation and particularity. And he has a remarkable eye for telling and offbeat details. This is major book."—Alan Thacker, University of London

Editorial Reviews

"Winner of the 2015 Otto Gründler Book Prize, The Medieval Institute of Western Michigan University"

Winner of the 2013 PROSE Award in European and World History, Association of American Publishers

"[A]n indispensible point of departure for anyone interested in the cult of the saints in the Middle Ages. The book is based on an awe-inspiring familiarity with the hagiographical sources of both Eastern and Western churches, and is packed with intelligent, measured, and well-informed discussions of everything from the hierarchy of precedence of feasts in the old Roman calendar to the managerial problems of running a shrine. Students, scholars, and the general reader will all find it invaluable."—-Eamon Duffy, New York Review of Books

"Robert Bartlett's monumental study provides a comprehensive account of the development of the cult of the saints from the cult of martyrs (those who had died as witnesses for their faith during the Roman persecutions) and illustrates the centrality of saintly devotion in the lives and beliefs of Christians across Europe over the whole medieval period. . . . Bartlett has a gift for succinct summary, both of complex (and confusing) narratives and for explaining theological controversy; his obvious abilities as a teacher appear throughout and his book will manifestly appeal to students. . . . Robert Bartlett's achievement lies in his capacity to draw out the distinctive, and often amusing, attributes of different saints while showing how the cult of saints operated in medieval Europe."—-Sarah Foot, Times Literary Supplement

"[M]assive, erudite compendium of saint lore . . . For a book so deeply grounded in original research . . . The volume is remarkably accessible."—-Barbara Newman, London Review of Books

"It is a treat . . . to see such erudition amassed this way; it is hard to imagine any aspect of the cult of the saints that Bartlett has left out in this extraordinarily comprehensive text. Yet there is enormous entertainment here as well. . . . [W]ho, and when and where—this enormous and humane reference work gives all that, along with stories that are appalling and ghoulish and mysterious and funny."—-Rob Hardy, The (Columbus, OH) Dispatch

"[T]here is much to enjoy in the array of human behaviour, sacred and by our standards profane or just downright mad, chronicled in Bartlett's excellent study."—-Diarmaid MacCulloch, Guardian

"[T]his magisterial work of scholarship."—-Richard Holloway, Independent

"Devotion to the saints is manifestly still alive and well in the Catholic Church, and Bartlett's impressive compendium will serve to explain the cult's historical origins and evolution."—-John Cornwell, Financial Times

"Rich in original research, full of illuminating case studies, Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? is a major achievement from a distinguished medieval historian and a gold mine for those interested in religious history."—-Helen Fulton, Times Higher Education

"Bartlett convincingly explains how the 12th-century papacy sought to control a potentially anarchic process by demanding strict examination of cases, of which only about half were successful. . . . With great thoroughness, Bartlett examines issues such as types of saint, relics, miracles, hagiography and doubt, more as an observer than as judge. . . . Some of Bartlett's most valuable insights relate to the diversity of ways in which saints were revered and what they reveal about visions of the social order."—-Constant Mews, Sydney Morning Herald

"This is a remarkable book, which is thankfully both wonderfully informative and wonderfully readable. . . . His book is just the kind of great scholarly synthesis that was once the norm, but which may well become rarer than now in the future. This is a long and very detailed book, but the patience of the reader in encompassing nearly 800 closely printed pages will be well rewarded."—-Peter Costello, Irish Catholic

"Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things is an excellent survey of the cult of the saints in the pre-modern period. The reader looking for explanations of the social and cultural functions of the holy dead could do far worse."—-Frank McGough, Origins

"It is hard to overemphasize the scholarship evident in this book. . . . One could associate a work such as this with a certain dryness of tone but this is not the case. The book is very engaging and at the same time quite modular, that is, allowing the readers to jump around to concentrate on their areas of special interest. Bartlett is one of the world's leading medieval historians and he brings his expertise to bear on this very ambitious project."—-Richard Rymarz, Catholic Books Review

"[M]agisterial. . . . [A] fascinating and illuminating read. . . . Bartlett's book will also be welcome to those who have experienced something of the power of the cult of the saints in their own time and place. . . . [H]is style balances rigor and a near-encyclopedic breadth with accessibility and humor. . . . Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things? will remain a classic study of the saints, their cults and their faithful for a long time. . . . Robert Bartlett's masterpiece."—-Holly J. Grieco, America

"Bartlett's work is astonishingly comprehensive, and the balance he strikes between narration and analysis is admirable."—-David J Collins, Theological Studies

"Bartlett is not content to simply refer to the findings of others second-hand. Rather, he returns to the sources, the great majority of them in Latin, and does the spade-work himself. This particular approach, and the concern for meticulous research that it evinces, puts Bartlett's magisterial study in a different league from so many others. The result is a volume that is at once staggeringly scholarly and yet, owing to Bartlett's light touch, surprisingly accessible. No library should be without a copy."—-Salvador Ryan, Irish Theological Quarterly

"Bartlett writes with relish for his subject, tells its marvelous stories well, injects judicious doses of good humor, and leaves one with the sense that the cult of the saints is a pervasive feature of Christianity's historical texture."—-Anne Thayer, Sehepunkte

"The history book I most enjoyed this year was also my first of 2014. I tucked into Robert Bartlett's Why Can The Dead Do Such Great Things (Princeton University Press) on New Year's Day and could not have hoped for a more stimulating festive read. A sweeping study of medieval saints, covering the entire Christian world from Late Antiquity to the Reformation, it is also a compendium of anecdotes, such as one rarely finds in a work of scholarship. Whether it be St Modwenna of Burton and her red cow, the Bishop of Lincoln who bit off two chunks of Mary Magdalene's arm, or Queen Bathildis cleaning out toilets, all of human—and much of divine—life is here."—-Tom Holland, History Today

"This is a fascinating book and one to which to return."—-Martin Wellings, Methodist Recorder

"In addition to being readable and fascinating, Bartlett's book forms a virtual curriculum on medieval religion in particular and medieval history in general."—-Thomas F. X. Noble, American Historical Review

"Bartlett has provided readers interested in hagiography and the medieval cult of the saints with a magisterial and wholly engrossing book."—-Rachel Koopmans, Biography

"With this book Robert Bartlett serves up a wondrous synthesis: awesome in its breadth, saturating in its detail, and delightful in its humanity. . . . This is a book that has a long reach and should hold a place in every medievalist's library."—-Anne E. Lester, Catholic Historical Review

"This is a very important book that offers the first comprehensive study of the cult of the saints from late antiquity to the Reformation in both Western and Eastern Christianity. Such work rests on an extraordinary knowledge of the textual and iconographic sources and of the vast scholarship that exists on these topics. . . . An impressive achievement."—-André Vauchez, Speculum

"The author of this study has produced what is to this reviewer's knowledge the first textbook on the premodern cult of the saints and at—I cannot resist the temptation—a miraculously low price. Luckily, Robert Bartlett is more than equal to the task. . . . Bartlett's writing is measured and deft, as one would expect from a scholar of his caliber."—-David Defries, The Historian

From the Publisher