WiMAX Handbook: Building 802.16 Networks

by Frank Ohrtman

Overview

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Wi-MAX is a big deal because it’s cheaper, smaller, simpler and easier to use than any existing broadband option (DSL, cable, fiber, 3G wireless) – it also bypasses the existing wired infrastructure and legacy service providers (i.e. the phone and cable companies). This book provides a basic technical introduction to the IEEE standard, allowing engineers, technologists, and decision-makers to ascertain how this hugely disruptive technology is going to affect their businesses.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780071454018
Publisher:	McGraw Hill LLC
Publication date:	05/24/2005
Series:	McGraw-Hill Communications
Pages:	288
Product dimensions:	7.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 0.80(d)

About the Author

Frank Ohrtman (Denver, CO) is the Founder of Softswitch Consulting, a telecommunications consulting firm. He previously held positions with Vsys, Lucent, and Netrix, and is a former U.S Navy Intelligence Officer. He is the author of Softswitch and The Wi-Fi Handbook.

Table of Contents

	Acknowledgments	xxi
	Preface	xxiii
Chapter 1	Introduction	1
	Telecommunications Networks - The Need for an Alternative Form of Access	3
	Switching	4
	Transport	4
	Access	5
	Replacing the PSTN One Component at a Time	5
	Objections to Wireless Networks	6
	QoS	6
	Security	6
	Interference Mitigation	6
	Economic Advantage of WiMAX	7
	Regulatory Aspects of Wireless Networks	8
	Improved Quality of Life with Wireless Networks	8
	Disruptive Technology	9
	Disruption for Telephone Companies	10
	Disruption for Cable TV and Satellite TV Companies	10
	Disruption for Cell Phone Companies	10
	Disruption for the Backhaul Industry	10
	Conclusion	11
Chapter 2	WiMAX: The Physical Layer (PHY)	13
	Introduction	14
	The Function of the PHY	15
	OFDM: The "Big So What?!" of WiMAX	16
	TDD and FDD	17
	Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)	18
	WiMAX Variants	18
	OFDM Variants 2-11 GHz	19
	Single Carrier (SC) Variants	22
	Conclusion	27
Chapter 3	The Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer	29
	The MAC as the "Smarts" for the Physical Layer	30
	The MAC and WiMAX Architecture	30
	Service Classes and QoS	32
	Service-Specific Convergence Sublayers	34
	Common Part Sublayer	35
	Packing and Fragmentation	37
	PDU Creation and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)	37
	Transmission Convergence (TC) Layer	39
Chapter 4	How WiMAX Works	41
	Channel Acquisition	42
	Initial Ranging and Negotiation of SS Capabilities	42
	SS Authentication and Registration	44
	IP Connectivity	44
	Connection Setup	45
	Radio Link Control (RLC)	46
	The UL	48
	Service Flow	49
	Conclusion	51
Chapter 5	Quality of Service (QoS) on WiMAX	53
	Overview	54
	The Challenge	54
	Legacy QoS Mechanisms	55
	FDD/TDD/OFDM	55
	Forward Error Correction (FEC)	56
	Bandwidth Is the Answer - What Was the Question?	57
	QPSK Versus QAM	63
	Multiplexing in OFDM	64
	What OFDM Means to WiMAX	66
	QoS: Error Correction and Interleaving	66
	QoS Measures Specific to the WiMAX Specification	67
	Theory of Operation	67
	Service Flows	68
	The Object Model	70
	Service Classes	71
	Authorization	71
	Types of Service Flows	72
	Service Flow Management	74
	Conclusion	75
Chapter 6	Dealing with Interference with WiMAX	77
	Interference - Some Assumptions	78
	Defining Interference or "Think Receiver"	78
	Forms of Interference	79
	Countering Interference	82
	Changing Channels Within the ISM or U-NII Bands	83
	Dealing with Distance	84
	Internal (CoCH) Sources of Interference	85
	OFDM in Overcoming Interference	86
	Handling ISI	88
	Mitigating Interference with Antenna Technology	89
	Multiple Antennas: AAS	89
	Adaptive Antenna (AA) Techniques	91
	Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)	93
	If You Want Interference, Call the Black Ravens	93
Chapter 7	Security and 802.16 WiMAX	95
	Security in WiMAX Networks	96
	The Security Sublayer	96
	The PKM Protocol	100
	TEK Exchange Overview	102
	Cryptographic Methods	102
	Conclusion	104
Chapter 8	WiMAX VoIP	105
	PSTN Architecture	106
	Voice Over WiMAX-The Challenge	107
	VoIP	107
	Origins of VoIP	107
	How Does VoIP Work?	108
	VoIP Signaling Protocols	109
	Switching	113
	Softswitch (aka Gatekeeper, Media Gateway Controller)	113
	Other Softswitch Components	115
	VoIP and Softswitch Pave the Way for Voice Over WiMAX	117
	Objections to VoIP Over WiMAX	117
	Objection One: Voice Quality of WiMAX VoIP	118
	Solution: Voice Codecs Designed for VoIP, Especially VoIP Over WiMAX	122
	Modifying Voice Codecs to Improve Voice Quality	122
	The QoS Solution: Fix Circuit-Switched Voice Codecs in a Packet Switched, Wireless World with Enhanced Speech-Processing Software	123
	Objection Two: Security for WiMAX VoIP	124
	Objection Three: CALEA and E911	125
	E911	125
	Architecture of WiMAX VoIP: Putting It All Together	126
	WiMAX VoIP Phones	127
	Conclusion	128
Chapter 9	WiMAX IPTV	131
	WISP WiMAX Triple Play?	132
	IPTV: Competing with Cable TV and Satellite TV	132
	How It Works	134
	Bandwidth and Compression Technologies	136
	Other Video Revenue Streams	136
	Video on Demand	137
	Personal Video Recorder	138
	Conclusion: A TV Station Called WiMAX	138
Chapter 10	Regulatory Aspects of WiMAX	139
	Operate Licensed or Unlicensed?	140
	Current Regulatory Environment	142
	Power Limits	142
	WiMAX 802.16 - Its Relationship to FCC Part 15, Section 247	143
	802.16 - FCC Part 15, Section 407	143
	Interference	144
	Laws on Antennas and Towers	150
	New Unlicensed Frequencies	151
	Unlicensed Frequencies Summary	152
	The FCC New Spectrum Policy	152
	Four Problem Areas in Spectrum Management and Their Solutions	153
	Recent Statements from the FCC on Broadband and Spectrum Policy	159
	Conclusion	161
Chapter 11	How to Dismantle a PSTN: The Business Case for WiMAX	163
	Overview	164
	Immediate Markets	164
	Secondary Markets	166
	Demographics	167
	Services	168
	Frequency Band Alternatives	170
	Capital Expense (CAPEX) Items	172
	CPE Equipment	174
	Operating Expense (OPEX) Items	176
	The Business Case	176
	Future Markets	179
	Economics of Wireless in the Enterprise	182
	You Can "Take It with You When You Go"	182
	Economics of WiMAX in Public Networks	184
	Economic Benefits of Ubiquitous Broadband	186
	Conclusion	195
Chapter 12	Projections: WiMAX Is a Disruptive Technology	197
	Disruptive Technology	198
	How WiMAX Will Disrupt the Telephone Industry	199
	Cheaper	199
	Simpler	200
	Smaller	200
	More Convenient to Use	200
	Deconstruction	201
	Goetterdammerung or Creative Destruction in the Telecommunications Industry	201
Appendix A	Considerations in Building Wireless Networks	205
	Design	206
	Network Topology	206
	Link Type	207
	Environment	207
	Throughput, Range, and Bit Error Rate (BER)	208
	Multipath Fading Tolerance	209
	Link Budget	209
	Frequency Band	209
	Wireless Protocols Preceding WiMAX	215
	802.11 Summary	217
	Planning	217
	Fresnel Zone	218
	How to Calculate a Link Budget	220
	Site Survey	227
	How to Make a Frequency Plan	228
	Frequency Allocation	230
	Equipment Selection	231
	How to Look at Specs	231
	The WAN/MAN Connection	232
	How to Put a BS Where There Is No Power	244
	How to Overcome Line-of-Sight Limitations	246
	Index	247