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Overview
Women and Crime: A Reference Handbook examines how women's patterns of offending have changed over time in America, from the Colonial period to the present. The book sets the stage with a historical overview of women's criminal activity. Subsequent chapters cover such topics as changes in women's status and patterns of offending; the impact of childhood abuse on the development of criminality; and how changes in law, the War on Drugs, and other crime policy have, in fact, increased the frequency of women's imprisonment and arrests. International issues, such as legalization of prostitution, sex trafficking, and women's involvement in organized crime, including drug cartels, are also explored.
Each chapter examines theory, research, law, policy, and key players in the evolving response to women's crime patterns. Throughout the work, the author links women's status, victimization, and offending patterns, and suggests how crime control policy, far from saving women, is increasingly making it impossible for female offenders to live on the outside.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781598844238 |
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Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
Publication date: | 07/19/2012 |
Series: | Contemporary World Issues |
Pages: | 360 |
Product dimensions: | 6.30(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.30(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
List of Tables xiii
Preface xv
1 History and Background 1
Introduction 1
Patriarchal Tradition: Greece, Rome, and Judeo-Christian Law 2
Colonial and Revolutionary America: The 16th Century to 1776 5
Emergence of the United States: 1776 through the Antebellum Period 8
1890s-1930: The Progressive Era 18
1930s-1967: The Medical Model and Treatment Era 22
1967-1980: The Community-Based Era 24
1980s-Present: The Crime Control Model and Prison Warehousing 26
Conclusion 30
References 31
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 37
Social Control and Reduced Women's Offending 37
Violent Offending and Victimization 40
Gendered Patterns of Victimization 40
What Pathways Lead Girls and Women to Crime? 44
What Are Causes and Correlates of Girls' Juvenile Offending? 48
Gender Gap in Offending 52
Why Are Certain Crimes More Likely to Be Committed by Men? 55
Are Female Murderers Always "Mad or Bad"? 56
Typology of Female Homicide Offenders 56
Are Girls Becoming More Violent? 59
Women's Drug Offending 66
Social Strain and Drug-Related Nonviolent Crime 68
Child Maltreatment: Sexual Abuse 69
Criminalization of Drug Use by Pregnant Women 71
Is Sex Work/Prostitution a Victimless Crime? 71
What Is the Impact of Increasing Women's Imprisonment? 76
How Does Women's Imprisonment Affect Children? 82
Did Women's Equality Decrease the Gender Ratio of Crime? 83
Solutions 86
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Reform 86
What Are the Alternatives to Incarceration? 87
Gender-Sensitive Strategies 88
Against Women's Violent and Sexual Victimization 91
References 92
3 The Globalization of Women's Crime and Victimization 101
Transnational Drug Trafficking and Women Offenders 102
Criminalization of Prostitution 105
Partial Decriminalization and Legalization of Prostitution in Europe 106
Global Lockdown of Women 106
International Women's Victimization 109
Human Trafficking and Slavery 109
Violence against Women and International Advocacy 119
Femicide 121
Domestic Violence and Homicide 123
Female Genital Mutilation 125
Honor Killings 131
Social Harm and Human Rights Solutions 134
References 135
4 Chronology 141
Antiquity and the Origins of Patriarchy: 10,000 BCE-500 BCE 141
Republican Rome: 509 BC-27 BC 141
Dominate: AD 284-476 (Western Empire); AD 284-565 (Eastern Empire) 141
Middle Ages: 501-1500 142
Early Modern Period: 1501-1800 (Colonial and Early America) 142
The Spread of Industrialization: 1801-1890 143
The Progressive Era: 1890s-1930 148
The Medical Model and Treatment Era: 1930s-1970 149
Community-Based Era: 1967-1980 151
Crime Control and Prison Warehousing Era: 1980s-Present 152
5 Biographies 159
Freda Adler (1934-) 159
Polly Adler (1900-1962) 160
Casey Anthony (1986-) 160
Kevin Bales (1952-) 162
Arizona Donnie Clark Barker (1872-1935) 162
Sandra "La Reina del Pacifico (Queen of the Pacific)" Avila Beltran (1960-) 163
Mukhtaran Bibi (1972-) 164
Sidney Biddle Barrow (1952-) 164
Myra Colby Bradwell (1831-1894) 165
Pat Brown (1955-) 165
Laura Bullion (1876-1961) 166
Bonnie Campbell (1948-) 166
Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947-) 167
Meda Chesney-Lind (1947-) 167
Sharon Cooper, MD (1952-) 168
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) 168
Jaycee Dugard (1980-) 169
Melissa Farley (1942-) 169
Lea Weingarten Fastow (1961-) 170
Heidi Fleiss (1966-) 170
Mary Frith (1584-1659) 171
Jean Harris (1923-) 171
Kamala Harris (1964-) 172
Patty Hearst (1954-) 172
Leona Helmsley (1920-2007) 173
Shauntay Henderson (1982-) 173
Donna M. Hughes (1954-) 174
Ruth Joan Bader Ginsberg (1933-) 174
Jessica Lenahan (formerly Gonzales; 1966-) 175
Elena Kagan (1960-) 176
Sunitha Krishnan (1969-) 176
Somaly Mam (1970 or 1971-) 176
Blanche Moore (1933-) 177
Susan Murphy-Milano (1958-) 178
Chouchou Namegabe (1978-) 178
Sandra Day O'Connor (1930-) 179
Bonnie Parker (1911-1934) 179
Kathleen Reichs (1950-) 180
Janet Wood Reno (1938-) 180
Ethel Rosenberg (1915-1955) 181
Malika Saada Saar 181
Robin Sax (1971-) 182
Mana al Sharif (1979-) 182
Rita J. Simon (1931-) 182
Sonia Maria Sotomayor (1954-) 183
Susan Smith (1971-) 183
Martha Stewart (1941-) 184
Karla Faye Tucker (1959-1998) 185
Christina S. Walters (1979-) 185
Aileen Wuornos (1956-2002) 186
Andrea Yates (1965-) 186
6 Data and Documents 189
The Dark Figure of Crime: Issues in Interpretation of Crime Data 189
Uniform Crime Report Definitions 189
Women and the Crime Rate 190
Violent Crimes 191
Nonviolent Crimes 193
Public Order Crimes 196
Race and Sex of Homicide and Rape Offenders 196
Increasing Women's Imprisonment Despite Crime Decline 197
Gendered and Racial Disparities in Imprisonment 198
Aging Out and Desistance 199
Incarcerated Noncitizen Women 200
Women and the Law 202
English Common Law Doctrine of Coverture 202
Mann Act of 1910 203
United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 204
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 210
Women's Rate of Victimization in the United States 212
Rape 216
Violence against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005 217
Sex Trafficking 228
Torture Definition and Prostitution 228
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) 229
Female Genital Circumcision in U.S. Criminal Law 241
7 Directory of Organizations and Government Agencies 243
U.S. Agencies and Organizations 243
National Information Organizations 251
International Organizations 257
International Advocacy Organizations 261
National Advocacy Organizations 263
Prison Advocacy Organizations 265
Domestic Violence Advocacy Organizations 267
Prostitution/Sex Work Advocacy Organizations 269
Human/Sex Trafficking Advocacy Organizations 273
Sex Offenders and Missing/Exploited Children Advocacy 275
Nonprofit Organizations 277
Women in Prison and Sentencing Law Reform 280
Human Rights 281
Domestic Violence 282
Culturally Competent Responses to Domestic Violence 286
Think Tanks 289
8 Print and Nonprint Resources 291
Books and Articles 291
General Works 291
History of Women and Crime 292
Women's Patterned Offending 293
Minority Women's Criminal Offending 295
Adolescent Girl's Offending 295
History of Women's Victimization 296
Women's Victimization 296
Journals 297
Feminist Criminology 297
Women and Criminal Justice 298
Victimization Hotlines 298
Internet Resources 298
International Organizations and Internet Resources 300
Documentaries 302
History of Women and the Law 302
Women Offenders 303
Homicide 303
Drug Trafficking and Use 304
Prostitution 304
Human/Sex Trafficking 306
Juvenile Delinquency 309
Women in Prison: Offenders and Workers 310
Women's Victimization 312
Glossary 315
Index 321
About the Author 339