Table of Contents

Foreword to the World Scientific Series on Current Energy Issues v

Acknowledgement ix

1 General Introduction to Critical Materials S. Erik Offerman 1

Part I Geopolitics and the Energy - Materials Nexus 11

2 The Geopolitics of Materials: How Population Growth, Economic Development and Changing Consumption Patterns Fuel Geopolitics Michel Rademaker MTL 13

3 The Changing Geopolitics of Energy Sijbren de Jong 33

4 Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Erik M. Kelder 53

Part II Defining Critical Materials 83

5 A Historical Perspective of Critical Materials, 1939 to 2006 David Peck 85

6 Defining the Criticality of Materials T.E. Graedel Barbara K. Reck 103

7 Identifying Supply Chain Risks for Critical and Strategic Materials James R. J. Goddin 117

8 In Search of an Appropriate Criticality Assessment of Raw Materials in the Dutch Economy Elmer Rietveld Ton Bastein 151

Part III Critical Material Mitigation Strategies 177

9 Circular Product Design: Addressing Critical Materials through Design Conny Bakker Marcel den Hollander David Peck Ruud Balkenende 179

10 Substitution Case Study: Replacing Niobium by Vanadium in Nano-Steels Zaloa Arechabaleta Guenechea S. Erik Offerman 193

11 Strategies towards Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Transparent Electrodes Amal Kasry Ahmed A Maarouf 223

12 Sustainability in Mining J.H.L. Voncken M. W.N. Buxton 251

Part IV Recycling as a Critical Material Mitigation Strategy 265

13 How to Get Stuff Back? Jan-Henk Welink 267

14 Challenges in Advanced Solid Waste Separation Maarten C.M. Bakker 289

15 Primary Production and Recycling of Critical Metals Yongxiang Yang 315

16 Recovery of Rare Earths from Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) Chenna Rao Borra Bart Blanpain Yiannis Pontikes Koen Binnemans Tom Van Gerven 343

Author Biographies 357

Index 375