Table of Contents

List of figures, tables and boxes ix

List of contributors xii

Acknowledgements xviii

Foreword Norman Douglas Ngaire Douglas xx

List of acronyms and abbreviations xxv

1 Setting the Scene: Polar Cruise Tourism in the 21st Century Michael Lück Patrick T. Maher Emma J. Stewart 1

Introduction 1

The cruise industry and the polar regions 2

Sustainable tourism and the polar regions 7

Part I Market Dimensions 11

2 Polar Yacht Cruising Mark B. Orams 13

Introduction 13

The past: Adventurers and explorers 13

The present: The polar regions and yachts 15

Important issues regarding impacts 20

Conclusions 22

3 Cruising to the North Pole aboard a Nuclear Icebreaker Robert K. Headland 25

Introduction 25

Logistics 25

The icebreakers 30

Inception 32

The first full-scale voyage 33

The northbound voyage 33

The North Pole 34

Ice and weather conditions 35

Environmental considerations 36

Wildlife records and observations 37

Passengers 37

Lectures and other activities 38

Helicopters 39

Other locations: Eurasian Arctic archipelagos and the Northeast Passage 39

Pole of relative inaccessibility 40

Operating companies 41

Conclusions 41

4 Selling the Adventure of a Lifetime: An Ethnographic Report on Cruising in the Antarctic Arthur Asa Berger 43

The ocean cruise industry: An American form of tourism 44

Categories of ocean cruise lines 44

Specialty cruise lines to Antarctica 45

A mainstream cruise to Antarctica on the Star Princess 46

Specialty cruise ships to Antarctica 48

Luxury adventure cruises 49

The sacred, the profane and Antarctica 51

The myth model and Antarctic travel 52

Landing on Antarctica 53

The fortunate few and Antarctica's good fortune 54

Part II Human Dimensions 55

5 Cruises and Bruises: Safety, Security and Social Issues on Polar Cruises Ross A. Klein 57

Introduction 57

Safety and security 58

Sensitivity 64

The issue of carrying capacity 66

Economics of cruise tourism 67

The cruise ship virus 69

Cruises and bruises 70

6 Exploring the Ethical Standards of Alaska Cruise Ship Tourists and the Role they Inadvertently Play in the Unsustainable Practices of the Cruise Ship Industry Valerie Sheppard 75

Introduction 75

Background to the study 76

Research methodology 77

Findings 80

Discussion of the results 86

Conclusions and recommendations 88

7 Students on Ice: Learning in the Greatest Classrooms on Earth Geoff Green 93

Introduction 93

Foundations and raison d'être (mandate) 94

Education programme 95

Student success stories 98

Awe and wonder 101

Comments from students and staff 101

Future plans 103

Conclusions 104

Part III Environmental Dimensions 107

8 Environmental Impacts of Polar Cruises Michael Lück 109

Introduction 109

Environmental impacts of cruises in polar regions 111

Regulations 114

The holistic approach 127

Conclusions 128

9 Monitoring Patterns of Cruise Tourism across Arctic Canada Emma J. Stewart Dianne Draper Jackie Dawson 133

Introduction 133

Cruise tourism across Arctic Canada 133

Monitoring cruise ship activity in Arctic Canada 135

Cruise tourism in the High Arctic 135

Cruise tourism in the Northwest Passage 137

Cruise tourism in the Baffin Bay region 138

Cruise tourism in the Hudson Bay region 140

Discussion 142

Conclusions 144

10 Climate Change and its Implications for Cruise Tourism in the Polar Regions Machiel Lamers Bas Amelung 147

Introduction 147

Climate change in the polar regions: An overview 149

A typology of impacts of climate change on tourism 149

Impacts on polar cruise tourism 153

Discussion 157

Conclusions 159

Part IV Policy and Governance Dimensions 165

11 Stakeholder Perspectives on the Governance of Antarctic Cruise Tourism Daniela Liggett Alison McIntosh Anna Thompson Bryan Storey Neil Gilbert 167

Introduction 167

'Governing the governors': A story of controlling self-regulation 169

Ways forward - practically and conceptually 176

12 Port Readiness Planning in the Arctic: Building Community Support John S. Hull Simon Milne 181

Introduction 181

The Newfoundland and Labrador context 183

Building port readiness: Approach and findings 186

Conclusions and recommendations 200

13 Beyond the Cruise: Navigating Sustainable Policy and Practice in Alaska's Inland Passage Greg Ringer 205

Introduction 205

Current policy and practice 209

Sustainable Alaskan cruise tourism 213

Conclusions 215

Part V Conclusions 225

14 Moving Forward Patrick T. Maher Emma J. Stewart Michael Lück 227

Returning to the beginning 227

Lessons from the book 228

Cross-cutting themes 231

Research directions 232

Index 237