This book presents a new theoretical approach to phase resetting and stimulation-induced synchronization and desynchronization in a population of oscillators. The author uses shastic methods from statistical mechanics and applies his theory to models of practical importance in physiology and neuroscience. The book is accessible to readers not familiar with the mathematical formalism. The author also proposes improvements to stimulation techniques as used by neurologists and neurosurgeons in the context of Parkinson's disease and MEG/EEG data analysis.