Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction: Challenges and Opportunities x
A Call to Action xi
Demographic Patterns and Diversity xiii
About this Book xvi
Chapter 1 Critical Issues in Second Language Acquisition 3
Factors that Affect Second Language Acquisition 5
Internal Factors That Affect Language Acquisition 6
External Factors That Affect Language Acquisition 7
Theories of Second Language Acquisition 9
How Long Does it take to Acquire a Second Language? 10
Second Language Myths 13
The Myth That Ells Don't Need Specialized Support 14
The Grandfather Myth 15
The Myth That Immigrants Refuse to Learn English 16
The Home-Learning Myth 19
The Myth That Young Children Learn Languages More Easily 22
The Myth That More English is Better 23
The Myth That Speaking Equals Proficiency 24
The Myth That Learning Two Languages Causes Confusion 24
The Myth That Errors Should Be Corrected Immediately 25
Overcoming the Myths 28
Applications 32
Suggestions for Further Reading 33
Chapter 2 School Structures: Schoolwide Response for ELL Education 35
School Climate and Schoolwide Practices 38
School Vision and Mission 41
What Are Vision and Mission Statements? 41
Considerations for Building a Culturally Responsive Climate 44
Safe and Inclusive School Environments 46
Drawing On and Celebrating Students' Language and Culture 49
Becoming Culturally and Linguistically Responsive 53
Professional Development and Support Services 56
Additive Language Opportunities 59
Applications 61
Suggestions for Further Reading 65
Chapter 3 Programmatic and Curricular Design 67
Language Program Models 69
Additive and Subtractive Models 70
Programs with Native Language Instruction 72
Programs with English-Only Instruction 75
Selecting the Appropriate Model 77
Schoolwide Needs Assessment 78
Criteria for ELL Program Selection 80
Implementation Plan 86
Preschool Programs and ELLs 88
Early Childhood Education and Poverty 89
Benefits of Early Bilingualism 89
Access to Linguistically and Culturally Responsive Preschool 90
Program Coordination, Cohesion, and Alignment 91
Program Cohesion and Compatibility 92
Vertical, Horizontal, and Cross-Program Articulation 95
Assessment and Evaluation 96
Student Assessment: Standardized Tests 96
Student Assessment: Authentic and Performance-Based 97
Program Evaluation 99
Applications 103
Suggestions for Further Reading 105
Chapter 4 Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning for ELLs 107
Connecting High Expectations and Academic Success 109
The Language-Literacy Connection 113
Oral Language Development and Vocabulary Building 118
Teaching for Transfer 130
Literature-Based Instruction 142
Authentic Literature 142
Literature-Based Strategies 143
Culturally Relevant Curriculum 148
Applications 153
Suggestions for Further Reading 155
Chapter 5 Leadership, Advocacy, and Engagement 157
Effective and Visionary Leadership 159
Education Leadership Frameworks 161
Developing a Knowledge Base 164
Leadership Practices 167
Advocacy for the Education of ELLs 170
State- and National-Level ADvocacy 171
Classroom, School, and District Advocacy 175
Parent, Family, and Community Participation 180
Models for Meaningful ELL Family Participation 182
Community Outreach 187
Applications 192
Suggestions for Further Reading 194
Conclusion: Challenges and Opportunities to Achieve a Promising Future for ELLs 195
Appendix A Joint Statement on the Teacher English Fluency Initiative in Arizona 199
Appendix B Statement of Ncte against Arizona Department of Education Ruling on Teacher Speech 201
Appendix C Organizations and Centers: Advocacy and Information 205
References 207
Index 220
