Read an Excerpt

CHAPTER 1

A CITY BORN IN SIN

New Orleans is a city that was literally born in sin. From the original charters that were based on fraud to the emptying of the French prisoners to provide settlers to the region, widespread government corruption, gaudy social functions, rampant prostitution and frequent lapses in any civilized moral code, New Orleans has a long and very colorful history of crime and vice.

The corrupt city of legend and tradition began during the days of French governor Marquis de Vaudreuil and continued through the years of the city's domination by Spain. It flourished between 1800 and 1803, when the province was neither French nor Spanish, and when a general sense of freedom allowed and encouraged the arrival of vagabonds and adventurers from all parts of the world. It the end, it would be as property of the United States that New Orleans would embark upon its "golden age" of crime and spectacular wickedness and would achieve its status as America's leading city of sin.

In September 1717, John Law's Company of the West, popularly known as the Mississippi Company, obtained, by royal grant, control of the French province of Louisiana. At the time, there were almost no settlements in the region, which had long ago been claimed for France by the explorer LaSalle. The small outpost that existed nearby had a population of fewer than 300, consisting of a garrison of 124 soldiers, a few priests, 28 women and 25 children. The men were mostly adventurers and frontiersmen who had wandered into the province from Canada and Illinois, but the women, almost without exception, were deportees from the prisons and brothels of Paris. The hardships of life in the wilderness had not changed their manners and customs. When a worried priest suggested that sending away all of the immoral women would improve the culture of the province, Lamothe Cadillac, who was then governor of Louisiana, replied, "If I send away all loose females, there will be no women left here at all, and this would not suit the views of the King or the inclinations of the people."

This was not the first time that a commercial enterprise had attempted to settle Louisiana. The Bourbons of France were broke by the early 1700s. They had spent vast amounts of money on exploration and now had vast lands under their control but not the money to actually develop them. When Scotsman John Law approached them with his grand scheme, he must have seemed like a godsend. The terms of the royal franchise issued to the Mississippi Company were granted to John Law with the understanding that he would import six thousand white settlers and three thousand slaves to the colony. They would then work, as a commercial enterprise, the gold and silver mines and pearl hatcheries with which the country was said to abound. The Mississippi Company was made up of investors and a board of directors, which elected Law the chief director and gave him almost unlimited powers. Under Law's plan, France would retain all governmental control of the new colony.

Law's authority over the enterprise allowed him to place himself and his representatives in almost every position of power in the colony. However, he did appoint Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, as the governor and commander of the region. Bienville had been in Louisiana for twenty years and, with his brother, Iberville, had played an important role in the early exploration of the area. He knew Louisiana well, and while he accepted his appointment to the governorship, he also suspected that Law's plan was an elaborate scheme. He had repeatedly told his superiors in Paris that there were no gold and silver mines in Louisiana and that the few pearls to be found in the Gulf of Mexico were worthless. He urged the French government to abandon its search for riches and focus instead on the development of agriculture in the rich lands of the Mississippi Valley. But his recommendations were dismissed because they provided too slow of a method of garnering the boundless wealth that the French were certain Louisiana had for them. Bienville accepted his position and, while suspicious of Law, hoped that he would soon have the authority to carry out the projects that he felt would truly develop the region.

Bienville's commission arrived in February 1718, and soon after, he led twenty-five convicts, carpenters and a few adventurers from the Illinois country to a crescent-shaped bend in the river that he had surveyed nearly twenty years before as a good site for a settlement. In a cypress swamp that was teeming with snakes and alligators, he set his men to work clearing the forests and building sheds and barracks. He named the new settlement "Nouvelle Orleans" in honor of the French regent, the Duke of Orleans.

Work was soon underway, and Bienville sent the directors of the Mississippi Company glowing descriptions of the climate in New Orleans, the fertility of the soil and the many other advantages of the site he had chosen for the town. Other French officials, however, felt less optimistic about the site. They complained of the flat and swampy ground, the plague of crayfish, the frequent fogs, thick woods, clouds of mosquitoes and the "fever-laden" air.

There is no question that the climate has always been one of New Orleans's greatest drawbacks. All of the early visitors to the city complained of the dampness of the winter months and the heat and humidity of the summers. Shoes and other articles of clothing commonly mildewed if left overnight on the floor in some parts of the city. Cellars were unknown, and walls were often too wet for plaster to stick to them. In the early days, water was encountered from twelve to eighteen inches below the ground, and as late as the 1840s, New Orleans was known throughout America as the "Wet Grave" because of the difficulties encountered in burying corpses. An English traveler, Captain James Alexander, who visited the city in 1832 wrote,

Coffins are sunk to depths of three or four feet by having holes bored in them, and two black men standing on them till they fill with water, and reach the bottom of the moist tomb. Some people are particular and dislike this immersion after death; and, therefore, those who can afford it have a sort of brick oven built on the surface of the ground, at one end of which, the coffin is introduced, and the door hermetically closed, but the heat of the southern sun on this "whited sepulcher" must bake the body inside, so that there is but a choice of disagreeable after all.

In those early days, the tradition of the aboveground tombs began, and it still continues today.

Development of the city began that year, but work was slow, thanks to brutal heat, the rising and falling waters of the Mississippi and a shortage of men and materials. While Bienville was struggling against the elements to build a city, John Law had started the next phase of his plan. With the aid and encouragement of the government, he started a land- and stock-selling campaign that soon sent all of France into a frenzy of speculation. The national currency was inflated for Law's plans, and what turned out to be a colossal fraud drove the country to the verge of financial ruin. Law had nothing to back his stock except for inflated promises of the immense profits that Louisiana was going to produce.

But to start the flow of wealth, Law needed colonists, and he was having trouble getting them. He had promised his investors that he would have a colony of six thousand settlers and three thousand slaves by 1727. To get them, the government began ransacking jails and hospitals. Disorderly soldiers, black sheep of distinguished families, political suspects, thieves, vagabonds and smugglers were kidnapped and shipped under guard to New Orleans. To those who would go willingly, the Mississippi Company promised free land, provisions and transportation to Louisiana. They were promised riches, wealth and, of course, endless variations of the gold and silver mines that did not exist.

The first colonists arrived in June 1718 and consisted of three hundred willing immigrants and nearly twice that number in soldiers and convicts. They crowded into rough sheds and tents and worked to make the best of the situation that they found themselves in. The biggest problem soon turned out to be the shortage of women. Governor Bienville begged for women to be sent to the colony because, he wrote, "The white men are running in the woods after the Indian girls." About 1720, one solution to cure the shortage of women was arrived at when the jails of Paris were emptied of prostitutes. The ladies of the evening were given a choice: serve their term in prison or become a colonist in Louisiana. Those who chose the New World quickly became the wives of the men most starved for female companionship.

The history of the region during the years of the Mississippi Company is a sad record of confusion, failure and misdirection. The investors wanted someone to blame for the suffering of the colonists who landed in such a cruel place and for the failure of the exploration parties to find any silver or gold. A radical gesture was needed to placate the horde of disappointed people who had sunk money into the scheme, so the board of directors blamed everything on Bienville. They sent a new director, Duvergier, to Louisiana and gave him authority over Bienville, although the governor was not officially dismissed. Duvergier was instructed to do whatever was necessary to get the colony back on track and, above all, to renew the search for the mythical gold, silver and pearls of the region.

Bienville didn't mind the change and now had more time to devote to the building of New Orleans. Even though Duvergier was recalled to Paris in less than a year and Bienville was restored to power, during that time Bienville was able to direct a considerable change in the physical aspect of the town. By 1727, the population had doubled, streets had been laid out and named and, in the spring of that year, Ursuline nuns had arrived in the city to start a school and hospital.

The nuns were also in charge of the filles a la cassette, or the "casket girls," who had been chosen from good French families to come to New Orleans and become wives of some of the upstanding local men. Before leaving France, the Mississippi Company had given each of the young women a small chest containing two coats, two shirts and undershirts, six hats and other pieces of clothing. It is believed that the nickname of these women came from the wooden chests they were given. The first "casket girls" arrived in New Orleans in 1728 and continued to arrive at regular intervals until 1751. They were all lodged together, and during the day, the men of the colony were permitted to see them in order that a choice might be made. At night, they were guarded by soldiers. Husbands were soon found for all of them.

By some strange happening, none of the prostitutes who had been brought to New Orleans as wives for the men of the colony had children. On the other hand, the "casket girls" seem to have been extraordinarily fertile, each becoming the mother of what must have been one hundred children who, in turn, were also blessed with large families. Proof of these biological miracles is offered by the fact that practically every native family of New Orleans is able to trace its ancestry back to one of the "casket girls" and never to those unfortunate young women who came to Louisiana instead of waiting out their sentence in jail!

But New Orleans's activities of the era did not consist of merely building a city or starting a family. In less than ten years, the city had acquired a reputation for being a town of crime and loose morals. The readymade underworld that the Mississippi Company had dumped into the region was becoming restless. Murders and robbery were becoming frequent occurrences, and it seemed that no man's life or property was safe. The rabble that had been sent to New Orleans by the Mississippi Company had been promised a life of ease, with no other labor than might be required to scoop up nuggets of gold from the ground. Work was abhorrent to many of the colonists, mostly those plucked from French prisons, and they refused to perform any actual labor. Instead, they spent their time drinking, fighting and attempting to steal enough money to enable them to leave the colony.

With no one else to do the work that needed to be done, the solution to the problem seemed to be the importation of slaves. Since most of them had been captured by slave traders in Africa, stringent laws, rigidly enforced, were necessary to keep them in line. In January 1724, Bienville began the preparation of the infamous Code Noir (Black Code), which was adapted from the existing laws in Santo Domingo. The law would go on to form the basis of the Black Code that was adopted by the Louisiana legislature after the purchase of the territory by the United States.

The code was an unusual one and unlike any other in the southern states, which protected the ownership of slaves. While it did promise severe penalties for any slave who rebelled, it also fully protected the black slave from tyranny, neglect, oppression or cruelty by his white master. Simply, slaves could not be mistreated in New Orleans, and if they were, their white owners would suffer stiff fines and perhaps even a jail sentence.

But there were other codicils to the Code Noir. First of all, it called for the expulsion of all Jews from the colony and prohibited any form of worship except for the Catholic faith. Masters were ordered to provide religious instruction for their slaves and promised confiscation of any slaves who were supervised by a person who was not a Catholic or was found at work on a Sunday or holy day. There were forty-nine articles that dealt entirely with the conduct and government of blacks. The code prohibited any intermingling of races, including marriage and sexual acts. It also allowed for slaves to be set free by their masters. If a free person of color lived in New Orleans, he or she was granted "the same rights, privileges, and immunities which are enjoyed by free-born persons."

Bienville signed the Black Code in March 1724 and departed for Paris. He was not involved with colonial affairs again until 1731, when the Mississippi Company surrendered its charter to the French government and the entire scheme was exposed as a fraud.

During Bienville's long absence, trouble began with the nearby Chickasaw Indian tribes. Bienville, who was respected for his diplomacy, managed to make peace with the Indians. During his time in France, the unsteady truce that he had managed to establish began to deteriorate. In 1729, Natchez Indians, allies of the Chickasaw, attacked Fort Rosalie at Natchez, slaughtering about 250 settlers and kidnapping 450 women, children and slaves. Many feared that New Orleans would be next.

The nearby Indian attacks, combined with the political disorder of the time, caused the investors in John Law's company to petition France to get rid of the unprofitable Louisiana colony. Bowing to financial pressure, France ordered the dissolution of the company's charter. The company's assets were liquidated, and the entire plan was exposed as a long recital of failure, confusion, financial mismanagement and fraud. In desperation, the French government turned to Bienville and reappointed him to his old post as governor. He returned to Louisiana in 1733 and tried to restore order, both in the city and with the restless Indian tribes. Eventually, a campaign against the Natchez and Chickasaw brought an end to these troubles.

But New Orleans was still not a pleasant place to live. There were occurrences of both flooding and drought, which caused food shortages and outbreaks of disease. In 1735, there was an epidemic of wild dogs in the city. Bienville had to send out a contingent of soldiers to hunt them down. He refused to give up on the place, though, and development continued until his retirement in May 1743.

On May 10 of that year, Bienville transferred his authority to Marquis de Vaudreuil and, soon after, departed from the colony forever. He had spent forty-five of his sixty-five years trying to carve out a civilization in the Louisiana wilderness. His weariness with the French colonial system had finally worn him down. He died in March 1767.

The Marquis de Vaudreuil was a royal governor in every sense of the word. He imitated as closely as possible the life of the French court at Versailles, throwing grand balls, elaborate state dinners and theatrical presentations that must have seemed out of place in a city with unpaved and unlighted streets, stretches of alligator-infested swamps and dingy, clapboard houses.

---

Excerpted from "Wicked New Orleans"
by .
Copyright © 2010 Troy Taylor.
Excerpted by permission of The History Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

---