Being Watched: Legal Challenges to Government Surveillance

by Jeffrey L. Vagle

Overview

A riveting history of the Supreme Court decision that set the legal precedent for citizen challenges to government surveillance

The tension between national security and civil rights is nowhere more evident than in the fight over government domestic surveillance. Governments must be able to collect information at some level, but surveillance has become increasingly controversial due to its more egregious uses and abuses, which tips the balance toward increased—and sometimes total—government control.This struggle came to forefront in the early 1970s, after decades of abuses by U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies were revealed to the public, prompting both legislation and lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of these programs. As the plaintiffs in these lawsuits discovered, however, bringing legal challenges to secret government surveillance programs in federal courts faces a formidable obstacle in the principle that limits court access only to those who have standing, meaning they can show actual or imminent injury—a significant problem when evidence of the challenged program is secret.

In Being Watched, Jeffrey L. Vagle draws on the legacy of the 1972 Supreme Court decision in Laird v. Tatum to tell the fascinating and disturbing story of jurisprudence related to the issue of standing in citizen challenges to government surveillance in the United States. It examines the facts of surveillance cases and the reasoning of the courts who heard them, and considers whether the obstacle of standing to surveillance challenges in U.S. courts can ever be overcome.

Vagle journeys through a history of military domestic surveillance, tensions between the three branches of government, the powers of the presidency in times of war, and the power of individual citizens in the ongoing quest for the elusive freedom-organization balance. The history brings to light the remarkable number of similarities among the contexts in which government surveillance thrives, including overzealous military and intelligent agencies and an ideologically fractured Supreme Court. More broadly, Being Watched looks at our democratic system of government and its ability to remain healthy and intact during times of national crisis.

A compelling history of a Supreme Court decision and its far-reaching consequences, Being Watched is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the legal justifications for—and objections to—surveillance.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781479809271
Publisher:	New York University Press
Publication date:	12/05/2017
Pages:	208
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.10(h) x 0.90(d)

About the Author

Jeffrey L. Vagle is Lecturer in Law and Executive Director of the Center for Technology, Innovation and Competition at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. His research interests include surveillance law, cryptography and cybersecurity law, electronic privacy, Internet architecture, and networked economies and societies. A particular focus of his work is the study of the societal, political, historical, and economic effects of government surveillance, especially among marginalized or disenfranchised populations.

Table of Contents

1 You Are Being Watched 1

2 A History of Government Surveillance 17

3 Getting through the Courthouse Door 35

4 The Doctrine of Article III Standing 51

5 Before the Supreme Court 70

6 Government Surveillance and the Law 89

7 The Legacy of Laird v. Tatum 108

8 Technology, National Security, and Surveillance 125

9 The Future of Citizen Challenges to Government Surveillance 144

Notes 153

Index 161

About the Author 165

Editorial Reviews

"To most non-lawyers, 'standing' is an arcane legal principle. But understanding what it is and what it means is essential to understanding why the courts have not been an effective check on improper government surveillance. Vagle explains it all, very clearly, and explains what it means for privacy and civil liberties."

Steven M. Bellovin

"Being Watched traces the history of political surveillance aimed at dissenters exercising free speech rights and, more recently, cyber surveillance aimed at everybody. The focus, with an easy explanatory style and depth brought to complex legal and technological issues, is the evolution of an obscure, judicially-created legal theory used by the Supreme Court over the last several decades to reject even minimal constitutional restraints on government surveillance. Must reading for anyone concerned about the erosion of privacy and cyber integrity."

David Kairys

"How many Americans realize that a wide array government surveillance practices has been effectively shielded from judicial review because of obscure legal rules about who has the requisite standing to sue? In Being Watched, Jeffrey Vagle weaves together cultural, social, and legal history to tell a tale about how Americas surveillance regime has largely managed to steer clear of meaningful checks and balances. Being Watched is an experts account of government surveillance in America stretching from the Civil War to our present post-Snowden moment, filled with details useful to the scholar and the general public alike."

Ben Wizner

"How many Americans realize that a wide array government surveillance practices has been effectively shielded from judicial review because of obscure legal rules about who has the requisite “standing” to sue? In Being Watched , Jeffrey Vagle weaves together cultural, social, and legal history to tell a tale about how America’s surveillance regime has largely managed to steer clear of meaningful checks and balances. Being Watched is an expert’s account of government surveillance in America stretching from the Civil War to our present post-Snowden moment, filled with details useful to the scholar and the general public alike."-Ben Wizner,Director, Speech, Privacy and Technology Project, American Civil Liberties Union

"To most non-lawyers, 'standing' is an arcane legal principle. But understanding what it is and what it means is essential to understanding why the courts have not been an effective check on improper government surveillance. Vagle explains it all, very clearly, and explains what it means for privacy and civil liberties."-Steven M. Bellovin,Columbia University

" Being Watched traces the history of political surveillance aimed at dissenters exercising free speech rights and, more recently, cyber surveillance aimed at everybody. The focus, with an easy explanatory style and depth brought to complex legal and technological issues, is the evolution of an obscure, judicially-created legal theory used by the Supreme Court over the last several decades to reject even minimal constitutional restraints on government surveillance. Must reading for anyone concerned about the erosion of privacy and cyber integrity." -David Kairys, Temple law professor, author of Philadelphia Freedom, Memoir of a Civil Rights Lawyer

From the Publisher

01/01/2018
Vagle's (executive director, Ctr. for Technology, Innovation and Competition, Univ. of Pennsylvania Law Sch.) book is about government surveillance and the difficulty that plaintiffs affected by surveillance activities have in getting their cases heard by federal courts. Vagle discusses the issue of standing in the courts and how this relates to government surveillance and national security. The center of the book is a 1972 Supreme Court case, Laird v. Tatum, filed by a group of plaintiffs who claimed that they had been harmed by the government's surveillance of their protests against the Vietnam War. The Court denied their claim under Article III of the Constitution, stating that the plaintiffs could not sue in federal court because they had not proved direct harm by the government. The author examines the history of government surveillance cases through September 11, 2001, and after, highlighting the ways in which terrorism concerns have made claims of harm by government surveillance even more difficult to present in a court of law. VERDICT Vagle presents a compelling study of a topic that has a long history in American law but is also very timely. Recommended for academic and law libraries.—Becky Kennedy, Atlanta-Fulton P.L., GA

Library Journal

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