Table of Contents
1 Oxidation and antioxidation 1
1.1 Biological activity of oxidation in the human body 1
1.2 Oxidation and antioxidant balance 5
1.3 Diseases due to oxidation of active substances 10
1.3.1 Cardiovascular disease 11
1.3.2 Cancer 14
1.3.3 Diabetes 15
1.3.4 Neurodegenerative and other diseases 17
References 18
2 Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants 20
2.1 Endogenous antioxidants 20
2.1.1 Enzymes antioxidants 20
2.1.2 Nonenzymatic antioxidants 22
2.2 Exogenous antioxidants 25
2.3 Antioxidant intake 28
References 29
3 Determination of antioxidant capacity by optical methods 31
3.1 HAT method 31
3.1.1 Oxygen-free radical absorption capacity of the method 31
3.1.2 Total free radical trapping antioxidant parameter method 32
3.1.3 Photochemiluminescence method 33
3.1.4 LOO bleaching β-carotene reaction assay 34
3.2 SET reaction 34
3.2.1 Determination of capacity of AO-reduced iron (Fe (III)) 34
3.2.2 Copper (Cu (II)) reduction colorimetric method 35
3.2.3 Dibenzyl hydrazide free radical quenching method 36
3.2.4 ABTS reagent decolorization analysis 37
3.2.5 Determination of antioxidant capacity by Fotin-Ciocalteu (F-C) method 37
References 38
4 Determination of antioxidant capacity of chromatography 42
4.1 Enrichment and separation of an antioxidant sample 43
4.1.1 Extraction methods 43
4.1.2 Separation and purification methods 47
4.2 High-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of antioxidants 49
4.3 Instrumentation technology for the determination of antioxidants 50
References 58
5 Determination of antioxidant capacity by the electrochemical method 60
5.1 Electrochemical methods involving nonfree radicals 60
5.1.1 Potentiometric determination of antioxidant capacity 60
5.1.2 Voltammetric determination of antioxidant capacity 64
5.1.3 Determination of antioxidant capacity by electrochemiluminescence 70
5.1.4 Enzyme involvement method to determine antioxidant capacity 71
5.2 Electrochemical methods of free radical participation 73
5.2.1 Method for generating free radicals 73
5.2.2 Antioxidant capacity based on DNA damage 75
5.2.3 Determination of antioxidant capacity based on ferritin including superoxide dismutase and cytochrome c 78
5.3 Several examples of electrochemical measurement methods 81
5.3.1 Potentiometric determination of antioxidant capacity of antioxidant 81
5.3.2 Voltammetric determination of antioxidant capacity of antioxidant 88
5.3.3 Antioxidant capacity of antioxidants measured by the DNA damage method 98
References 103
6 Determination of antioxidant capacity by photoelectrochemical method 109
6.1 Fundamentals of semiconductor optoelectronic chemistry 109
6.1.1 The energy bands of conductors, semiconductors and insulators 109
6.1.2 The energy levels of impurities and defects in semiconductors 111
6.1.3 The band edges 113
6.2 Functionalization of semiconductor bandgap 114
6.2.1 Semiconductor doping 115
6.2.2 Formation of a solid solution 119
6.2.3 Semiconductor composite 122
6.3 Basic principles of semiconductor photochemical detection 124
6.4 Development of several photoelectrochemical antioxidant capacity sensors 129
6.4.1 Antioxidant capacity determination of a photoelectrochemical antioxidant 129
6.4.2 Determination of total antioxidant capacity using photoelectrochemical platform 140
References 151
7 Analytical instrument for antioxidant capacity evaluation 153
7.1 Optical kit 153
7.1.1 Bathocuproine testing kit 154
7.1.2 ABTS antioxidant assay kit 155
7.1.3 Detection methods for biological enzymes 157
7.2 Antioxidant potential of a luminous detector 159
7.2.1 Jena Germany (analytik-jena.de/) 159
7.2.2 Tohoku Electronic Industrial (tei-c.com) 162
7.3 Potential method 166
7.4 Antioxidant activity of a photoelectrochemical detector 168
References 173
Outlook 174
