Congress and Its Members / Edition 16

Congress and Its Members / Edition 16

ISBN-10:
1506369731
ISBN-13:
9781506369730
Pub. Date:
07/01/2017
Publisher:
SAGE Publications
ISBN-10:
1506369731
ISBN-13:
9781506369730
Pub. Date:
07/01/2017
Publisher:
SAGE Publications
Congress and Its Members / Edition 16

Congress and Its Members / Edition 16

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Overview

Congress and Its Members, Sixteenth Edition, offers readers current, comprehensive coverage of the U.S. Congress and the legislative process by examining the tension between Congress as a Lawmaking institution and as a collection of politicians constantly seeking re-election. This best-selling text considers the 2016 elections and discusses the agenda of the new Congress, White House-Capitol Hill relations, party and committee Leadership changes, judicial appointments, and partisan polarization. It also covers shifting public attitudes toward Congress and changes to budgeting, campaign finance, Lobbying, reapportionment, rules, and procedures. Always balancing great scholarship with currency, it features Lively case material along with relevant data, charts, exhibits, maps, and photos. Instructors! Sign in at study.sagepub.com/davidson16e for additional resources.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781506369730
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Publication date: 07/01/2017
Edition description: 16th Edition
Pages: 632
Product dimensions: 6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Roger H. Davidson is professor emeritus of government and politics at the University of Maryland, and has served as visiting professor of political science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. During the 2001–2002 academic year, he served as the John Marshall Chair in political science at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. His books include Remaking Congress: Change and Stability in the 1990’s, co-edited with James A. Thurber (1995), and Understanding the Presidency, Seventh Edition, co-edited with James P. Pfiffner (2012). Davidson is co-editor with Donald C. Bacon and Morton Keller of The Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (1995).

Walter J. Oleszek is a senior specialist in the legislative process at the Congressional Research Service. He has served as either a full-time professional staff aide or consultant to every major House and Senate congressional reorganization effort beginning with passage of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970. In 1993 he served as Policy Director of the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress. A longtime adjunct faculty member at American University, Oleszek is a frequent lecturer to various academic, governmental, and business groups. He is the author or co-author of several books, including Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process, 10th ed. (2016), and Congress under Fire: Reform Politics and the Republican Majority, with C. Lawrence Evans (1997).

Frances E. Lee is professor of government and politics at the University of Maryland. She has been a Research Fellow at the Brookings Institution and an APSA Congressional Fellow. Most recently, she is the author of Insecure Majorities: Congress and the Perpetual Campaign (2016). She is also author of Beyond Ideology: Politics, Principles, and Partisanship in the U.S. Senate (2009), which received the Richard F. Fenno Jr. Prize for the best book on legislative politics in 2010 and the D. B. Hardeman Prize for the best book on the U.S. Congress published in 2009. She is co-author, with Bruce I. Oppenheimer, of Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation (1999). Her articles have appeared in the American Political Science Review, Journal of Politics, Legislative Studies Quarterly, and American Journal of Political Science, among others.

Eric Schickler is Professor of Political Science and co-Director of the Institute of Governmental Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of three books which have won the Richard F. Fenno, Jr. Prize for the best book on legislative politics: Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress (2001), Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the United States Senate (2006, with Gregory Wawro), and Investigating the President: Congressional Checks on Presidential Power (2016, with Douglas Kriner; also winner of the Richard E. Neustadt Prize for the best book on executive politics). His book, Racial Realignment: The Transformation of American Liberalism, 1932-1965, was the winner of the Woodrow Wilson Prize for the best book on government, politics or international affairs published in 2016, and is co-winner of the J. David Greenstone Prize for the best book in history and politics from the previous two calendar years. He is also the co-author of Partisan Hearts and Minds, which was published in 2002. Schickler was elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2017.

Table of Contents

Tables, Figures, and Boxes xviii

Preface xxi

About the Authors xxiv

Part I In Search of the Two Congresses

1 The Two Congresses 3

The Dual Nature of Congress 4

Legislators' Tasks 5

Popular Images 6

The Constitutional Basis 7

Back to Burke 8

The Two Congresses in Comparative Context 9

Divergent Views of Congress 11

2 Evolution of the Modern Congress 15

Antecedents of Congress 15

The English Heritage 16

The Colonial Experience 16

Congress in the Constitution 19

Powers of Congress 19

Limits on Legislative Power 22

Separate Branches, Shared Powers 23

Judicial Review 25

Bicameralism 27

Institutional Evolution 28

Workload 29

The Size of Congress 30

Conflict with the Executive Branch 31

Partisan Interests 32

Members' Individual Interests 33

Evolution of the Legislator's Job 35

The Congressional Career 36

Professionalization 38

Constituency Demands 38

Conclusion 39

Part II A Congress of Ambassadors

3 Going for It: Recruitment and Candidacy 43

Formal Rules of the Game 43

Senate Apportionment 44

House Apportionment 45

Districting in the House 47

Malapportionment 50

Gerrymandering 51

Majority-Minority Districts 57

Becoming a Candidate 62

Called or Chosen? 62

Amateurs and Professionals 65

Finding Quality Candidates 66

Nominating Politics 68

Rules of the Nominating Game 69

Parties and Nominations 69

Sizing up the Primary System 70

Conclusion 70

4 Making It: The Electoral Game 73

Campaign Strategies 74

Asking the Right Questions 74

Choosing the Message 75

Campaign Resources 76

Campaign Finance Regulations 77

Incumbents versus Challengers 81

Allocating Resources 83

Organizing the Campaign 84

Campaign Techniques 85

The Air War: Media and Other Mass Appeals 85

The Ground War: Pressing the Flesh and Other Forms of Close Contact 88

The Parallel Campaigns 89

Who Votes? 90

Reasons for Not Voting 90

Biases of Voting 92

How Voters Decide 93

Party Loyalties 93

The Appeal of Candidates 98

Issue Voting 100

Election Outcomes 104

Party Balance 104

Party Alignment and Realignment 107

Turnover and Representation 108

Conclusion 108

5 Being There: Hill Styles and Home Styles 111

Hill Styles 112

Who Are the Legislators? 112

Congressional Roles 118

How Do Legislators Spend Their Time? 121

The Shape of the Washington Career 122

Looking Homeward 123

Independent Judgment or Constituency Opinion? 123

What Are Constituencies? 124

Home Styles 128

Office of the Member Inc. 130

Road Tripping 130

Constituency Casework 131

Personal Staff 132

Members and the Media 134

Mail 134

Feeding the Local Press 135

Conclusion 137

Part III A Deliberative Assembly of One Nation

6 Leaders and Parties in Congress 139

The Speaker of the House 142

The Changing Role of the Speaker 144

The Speakers Influence: Style and Context 149

House Floor Leaders 151

House Whips 154

Leaders of the Senate 155

Presiding Officers 155

Floor Leaders 155

Selection of Leaders 162

Leadership Activities 163

Institutional Tasks 163

Party Tasks 164

Party Caucuses, Committees, and Informal Groups 166

Party Caucuses 166

Party Committees 167

Informal Party Groups 167

Party Continuity and Change 169

Intense Party Conflict 169

The Two-Party System 170

Advances in Coalition Building 170

Conclusion 173

7 Committees: Workshops of Congress 175

The Purposes of Committees 176

Evolution of the Committee System 177

Types of Committees 178

Standing Committees 179

Select, or Special, Committees 183

Joint Committees 184

Conference Committees 185

The Assignment Process 186

The Pecking Order 186

Preferences and Politicking 187

How Assignments Are Made 189

Approval by Party Caucuses and the Chamber 197

Committee Leadership 197

Policy Making in Committee 199

Overlapping Jurisdictions 199

Multiple Referrals 202

Where Bills Go 203

The Policy Environment 206

Committee Staff 207

Committee Reform and Change 209

Homeland Security Committees 209

Constricting the Authority of Committee Chairs 211

Party Task Forces 214

Bypassing Committees 216

Conclusion 216

8 Congressional Rules and Procedures 219

Introduction of Bills 220

Drafting 224

Timing 226

Referral of Bills 226

Scheduling in the House 228

Shortcuts for Minor Bills 230

The Strategic Role of the Rules Committee 231

Dislodging a Bill from Committee 238

House Floor Procedures 241

Adoption of the Rule 241

Committee of the Whole 242

General Debate 242

The Amending Phase 243

Voting 243

Recommit and Final Passage 244

Scheduling in the Senate 245

Unanimous-Consent Agreements 246

Ways to Extract Bills From Committee 247

Senate Floor Procedures 249

Normal Routine 249

Holds, Filibusters, and Cloture 251

Resolving House-Senate Differences 257

Selection of Conferees 258

Openness and Bargaining 258

The Conference Report 259

Conclusion 259

9 Decision Making in Congress 261

The Power to Choose 263

Types of Decisions 263

Specializing 264

Timing of Decisions 265

Taking the Lead 265

Taking Part 266

Offering Amendments 267

Casting Votes 268

What Do Votes Mean? 270

Determinants of Voting 271

Party and Voting 271

Ideology and Voting 276

Constituency and Voting 280

The Presidency and Voting 283

Cue-Givers and Roll Call Votes 285

Legislative Bargaining 285

Implicit and Explicit Bargaining 286

Logrolling 287

Bargaining Strategy 288

Conclusion 289

Part IV Policy Making and Change in the Two Congresses

10 Congress and the President 293

Constitutional Powers 294

Veto Bargaining 295

The Line-Item Veto 297

The Administrative President 298

Leadership 302

The President's Power to Persuade 303

Going Public: The Rhetorical President 306

Congressional Opinion Leadership 310

The "Two Presidencies" 310

Sources of Legislative-Executive Conflict and Cooperation 312

Party Loyalties 313

Public Expectations 315

Different Constituencies 316

Different Time Perspectives 317

The Balance of Power 317

Conclusion 319

11 Congress and the Bureaucracy 321

Congress Organizes the Executive Branch 322

Senate Confirmation of Presidential Appointees 324

The Personnel System 329

The Rulemaking Process 333

Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy 337

Hearings and Investigations 339

Congressional Vetoes 340

Mandatory Reports 341

Nonstatutory Controls 341

Inspectors General 342

The Appropriations Process 342

Impeachment 343

Oversight: An Evaluation 344

Micromanagement 345

Conclusion 347

12 Congress and the Courts 349

The Federal Courts 350

The Court as Umpire 352

Separation of Powers 353

Federalism 354

Statutory Interpretation 355

Legislative Checks on the Judiciary 357

Advice and Consent for Judicial Nominees 362

Supreme Court Nominations 363

The Lower Courts 369

Conclusion 373

13 Congress and Organized Interests 375

American Pluralism 376

A Capital of Interests 376

A Nation of Joiners 377

Biases of Interest Representation 378

Pressure Group Methods 381

Direct Lobbying 382

Social Lobbying 383

Coalition Lobbying 384

Grassroots Lobbying 385

Electronic Lobbying 386

Groups and the Electoral Connection 386

Groups and Campaign Fund-Raising 387

Groups and Advocacy Campaigns 388

Rating Legislators 389

Groups, Lobbying, and Legislative Politics 390

The Role of Money 390

Lobbying and Legislation 391

Subgovernments 392

Regulation of Lobbying 393

The 1946 Lobbying Law 394

The Lobby Disclosure Act of 1995 394

The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 395

Foreign Lobbying 396

Conclusion 397

14 Congress, Budgets, and Domestic Policy Making 399

Stages of Policy Making 401

Setting the Agenda 401

Formulating Policy 402

Adopting Policy 403

Implementing Policy 404

Types of Domestic Policies 404

Distributive Policies 407

Regulatory Policies 408

Redistributive Policies 408

Characteristics of Congressional Policy Making 408

Bicameralism 409

Localism 409

Piecemeal Policy Making 410

Symbolic Policy Making 410

Reactive Policy Making 411

Congressional Budgeting 411

Authorizations and Appropriations 413

Backdoor Spending Techniques 416

The Challenge of Entitlements 418

The 1974 Budget Act 421

Concurrent Budget Resolution 422

Reconciliation 424

CBO Scores 426

A Revised Budget Process 427

Conclusion 429

15 Congress and National-Security Policies 431

Constitutional Powers 434

The President Proposes 434

Congress Reacts 435

Who Speaks for Congress? 436

Types of Foreign and National-Security Policies 438

Structural Policies 439

The Military-Industrial-Congressional Complex 441

Trade Politics 443

Strategic Policies 446

The Power of the Purse 447

Treaties and Executive Agreements 448

Other Policy-Making Powers of Congress 450

Crisis Policies: The War Powers 451

Constitutional Powers 452

The War Powers Resolution 453

Authorization of U.S. Military Action against the Islamic State 454

Changes in Warfare 456

Conclusion 458

Part V Conclusion

16 The Two Congresses and the American People 461

Congress as Politicians 463

Members' Bonds with Constituents 463

Questions of Ethics 464

Congress as Institution 468

Policy Success and Stalemate 468

Assessing the Congressional Process 469

Media Coverage 473

Citizens' Attitudes toward Congress 474

Twenty-First-Century Challenges 476

Security 476

Checks and Imbalances? 476

Reference Materials

Appendix A Party Control: Presidency, Senate, House, 1901-2017 A2

Appendix B Internships: Getting Experience on Capitol Hill A4

Suggested Readings S1

Notes N1

Index I1

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