This book covers the following topics -- 01. Direct and Indirect Speech, 02. Expression of Time, 03. Important Reporting Verbs, 04. Pronoun Change, 05. Tenses in Direct and Indirect Speech, 06. Reporting Verb with Object, 07. Changing Modal Verbs, 08. 'Questions' in Direct and Indirect Speech, 09. 'Exclamations' in Direct and Indirect Speech, 10. 'Imperatives' in Direct and Indirect Speech, 11. Direct and Indirect Speech: Mixed Types, 12. Where to Put Reporting Verb in Direct Speech, 13. Punctuation Rules, 14. Other Useful Notes, Exercises --- Sample This: 01. Direct and Indirect Speech -- There are two ways to express what someone else has said. On this basis, sentences are of two types: sentences with Direct Speech, and sentences with Indirect Speech --- DIRECT SPEECH -- Direct Speech is also called Quoted Speech or Direct Narration. Direct Speech refers exactly what someone has said. Direct Speech appears within quotation marks (".."). A comma is used before starting the exact quote within the quotation marks. Direct Speech should be word for word. The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital letter. Example: The president said, "I will not bear corruption in the country at any cost." -- INDIRECT SPEECH -- Indirect speech is also called Reported Speech or Indirect Narration. Indirect Speech does not refer to exactly what someone has said. Indirect Speech doesn't appear within quotation marks but the word "that" may be used as a conjunction between the reporting verb and reported speech. Indirect Speech shouldn't be word for word. The pronoun in Indirect Speech is changed according to speaker and hearer. Example: The president declared that he would not bear corruption in the country at any cost. Important rules for changing --- 02. Expression of Time -- You need to change the expression of a time when changing direct speech (DS) into indirect speech (IDS) to match the moment of speaking. Important expressions of time in direct and indirect speech are as follows: 'a month ago' is changed into 'a month before' --- 'a year ago' is changed into 'the previous year' or 'a year before' --- 'last night' is changed into 'the night before' --- 'last Saturday' is changed into 'the Saturday before' --- 'last weekend' is changed into 'the weekend before' --- 'next year' is changed into 'the following year' or 'the year after' --- 'now' is changed into 'then' --- 'the day after tomorrow' is changed into 'in two day's time' --- 'the day before yesterday' is changed into 'two days before' --- 'these (days)' is changed into 'those (days)' --- 'this (morning/noon/evening)' is changed into 'that (morning/noon/evening)' --- 'today' is changed into 'that day' --- 'tomorrow' is changed into 'the next/following day' or 'the day after' --- 'tonight' is changed into 'that night' --- 'yesterday' is changed into 'the previous day' or 'the day before' --- Besides expressions of time, there are many other expressions that need to be changed if you are changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech. --- 'come' is changed into 'go' --- 'bring' is changed into 'take' --- 'thus' is changed into 'so' --- 'hence' is changed into 'thence' --- 'hither' is changed into 'thither' --- 'here' is changed into 'there'
