Emotion in the Human Face

by Ekman (Editor)

Overview

Emotion in the Human Face, originally published in 1972, was the first volume to evaluate and integrate all research on facial expression of emotion since Darwin published The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals a century earlier. In that edition, Dr. Ekman presented a detailed, critical discussion of research involving the face and emotion, focusing on the complex conceptual and methodological issues involved in such study, and settling many outstanding controversies including whether facial expression accurately represents emotion, and whether some facial expressions are universal. In 1982, Dr. Ekman expanded, reorganized, annotated and cross-referenced the contents of the first edition, bringing the review of basic research up to date and charting the new developments in the field. The present edition is a special Malor Books third edition that includes a new preface, three additional chapters and a new conclusion summarizing Ekman's final views on the field he's played such a large part in creating.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781933779829
Publisher:	Malor Books
Publication date:	09/01/2013
Edition description:	New, Revised Third ed.
Pages:	456
Sales rank:	1,186,226
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 8.90(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

Paul Ekman is Professor Emeritus of Psychology in the department of psychiatry at the University of California Medical School, San Francisco, and the author of 13 books. He is a frequent consultant on emotional expression to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, as well as to animation studios such as Pixar and Industrial Light and Magic.

Table of Contents

List of contributors xi

Preface to the second edition xiii

Preface to the first edition xiv

Acknowledgments xv

Part I Research Foundations Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 1

1 Conceptual ambiguities Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 7

1.1 Historical review 7

1.2 What do we mean by "emotion"? 9

1.3 How do we determine whether judgments of emotion are accurate? 11

1.4 What does establishing generality entail? 16

1.5 Can facial behavior be controlled or disguised? 17

1.6 Can two or more emotions be shown simultaneously? 19

1.7 Review 20

2 Methodological decisions Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 22

2.1 Selecting a research design 22

2.2 Choosing the eliciting circumstance 25

2.3 Sampling persons 28

2.4 Sampling behavior from a record 29

2.5 Sampling emotions 31

2.6 Sampling emotion words, categories, or dimensions in judgment studies 32

2.7 Choosing a method of recording 34

2.8 Review 36

3 What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behavior? Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 39

3.1 Emotion categories 40

3.2 Emotion dimensions 47

4 Does the face provide accurate information? Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 56

4.1 Can judgments of emotion be accurate? 57

4.2 Can measurement of facial behavior provide accurate information? 87

5 What components of facial behavior are related to observers' judgments of emotion? Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 98

5.1 Judgment as a function of facial area observed 99

5.2 Relationship between observers' judgments and measures of facial components 103

5.3 Summary 110

6 What are the relative contributions of facial behavior and contextual information to the judgment of emotion? Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 111

6.1 Conceptual issues 112

6.2 Review of experiments 117

6.3 Summary 126

7 What are the similarities and differences in facial behavior across cultures? Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen Phoebe Ellsworth 128

7.1 Historical review 128

7.2 Literature review 129

7.3 Summary 141

Part II Review and Prospect Paul Ekman Harriet Oster 145

8 Review of research, 1970-1980 Paul Ekman Harriet Oster 147

8.1 Cross-cultural studies and the issue of universality 147

8.2 Developmental studies 153

8.3 Facial measurement 159

8.4 Accuracy 162

8.5 Facial feedback 169

8.6 Neural control and ANS correlates of facial expression 171

Part III New Research Directions Paul Ekman 175

9 Measuring facial movement with the Facial Action Coding System Paul Ekman Wallace V. Friesen 178

9.1 Background to the development of the Facial Action Coding System 179

9.2 Development of the Facial Action Coding System 184

9.3 An example of scoring faces 190

9.4 Reliability of the Facial Action Coding System 194

9.5 Validity 207

9.6 Conclusion 211

10 An evolutionary perspective on human facial displays William K. Redican 212

10.1 Introduction to primate taxonomy and nomenclature 213

10.2 Homology and analogy 215

10.3 Displays 216

10.4 Natural selection 217

10.5 Facial displays and their social contexts 226

10.6 Concluding remarks 264

11 Measuring the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion Maureen O'Suluvan 281

11.1 Measure selection 282

11.2 Description of measures 283

11.3 Construct validity 290

11.4 Stage one: conceptualization 291

11.5 Stage two: reification 305

11.6 Stage three: elaboration 307

11.7 Reliability 311

11.8 Conclusions and suggestions for future research 314

12 Asymmetries in facial expression Joseph C. Hager 318

12.1 The sources of facial information (sign vehicles) 319

12.2 Facial expression of character and personality 322

12.3 Facial identity 327

12.4 Facial expression of emotion 331

12.5 Summary 348

13 Affect theory Silvan S. Tomkins 353

13.1 Affects and drives 354

13.2 Innate affect activators 359

13.3 Role of the specific affects 363

13.4 Polarity theory 378

13.5 Major changes in my theory of affect 382

Conclusions Paul Ekman 396

References 398

Name index 424

Subject index 433