Table of Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition v
Dedication vii
About the Authors ix
1 A Brief History of Energy Consumption 1
Learning Objectives 1
1.1 What is Energy? 2
1.2 Historical Energy Consumption 7
1.3 Energy Consumption and the Quality of Life 14
1.4 The Path to Sustainability 17
1.5 Activities 24
2 Fossil Energy - Coal 27
Learning Objectives 27
2.1 Geologic History of the Earth 27
2.2 Origin of Coal 35
2.3 Coal 36
2.4 Distribution and Production of Coal 38
2.5 Fossil Energy and Combustion 42
2.6 Case Study: A Coal-Fired Power Plant 46
2.7 Coal Gas 48
2.8 Activities 50
3 Fossil Energy - Oil and Gas 52
Learning Objectives 52
3.1 Geology of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 55
3.2 Origin of Oil and Gas 59
3.3 Oil and Gas Production Operations 66
3.4 Oil and Gas Transport and Processing 78
3.5 Global Distribution of Oil and Gas 80
3.6 Global Oil and Gas Production and Consumption 88
3.7 Activities 89
4 Energy in Transition 91
Learning Objectives 91
4.1 Peak Oil 92
4.2 "Decarbonization" 96
4.3 Environmental Issues 99
4.4 Climate Change 102
4.5 Case Study: Is the Climate Change Debate Settled? 124
4.6 Energy Security 127
4.7 Activities 128
5 Nuclear Energy 130
Learning Objectives 130
5.1 History of Nuclear Energy 131
5.2 Nuclear Reactors 140
5.3 Global Dependence on Nuclear Power 152
5.4 Nuclear Energy and the Environment 155
5.5 Activities 164
6 Renewable Energy - Solar Energy 166
Learning Objectives 166
6.1 Source of Solar Energy 168
6.2 Energy Conversion Efficiency and Intermittency 173
6.3 Passive Solar Energy 174
6.4 Active Solar Energy 177
6.5 Solar Thermal Power Plants 180
6.6 Solar Electric Technology 189
6.7 Activities 196
7 Renewable Energy - Wind Energy 198
Learning Objectives 198
7.1 History of Wind Power 199
7.2 Wind Turbine 204
7.3 Wind Farms 210
7.4 Case Study: European Wind Power 217
7.5 Can Wind Meet All of Our Energy Needs? 220
7.6 Environmental Impact 224
7.7 Activities 225
8 Renewable Energy - Energy From Water 227
Learning Objectives 227
8.1 Hydroelectric Power 229
8.2 Case Study: Three Gorges Dam 235
8.3 Waves and Tides 238
8.4 Geothermal 246
8.5 Activities 253
9 Renewable Energy - Bioenergy and Synfuels 255
Learning Objectives 255
9.1 Biomass 256
9.2 Case Study: Biofuels In Brazil 266
9.3 Synfuels 267
9.4 Environmental Impact Summary 273
9.5 Activities 275
10 Energy Carrier, Energy Storage and Hybrid Energy Systems 277
Learning Objectives 277
10.1 Hydrogen 278
10.2 The Hydrogen Economy 289
10.3 Large Scale Energy Storage 293
10.4 A Hybrid Energy System for the Hydrogen Economy 299
10.5 Activities 300
11 Electricity Generation and Distribution 301
Learning Objectives 301
11.1 Historical Development of Electric Power 302
11.2 Electric Power Generation 307
11.3 Transformers 310
11.4 Electric Power Distribution 313
11.5 Developments in Electric Grid Design 321
11.6 Activities 326
12 Energy Economics 328
Learning Objectives 328
12.1 Principles of Economics 329
12.2 Costs and Benefits 335
12.3 Economies of Scale 340
12.4 Management Decisions in the Energy Sector 342
12.5 Case Study: The Price of Oil 354
12.6 Activities 363
13 Future Issues - Geopolitics of Energy 365
Learning Objectives 365
13.1 Sustainable Development 366
13.2 Energy and Ethics 368
13.3 Energy and Geopolitics 370
13.4 Case Study: Government and Energy 378
13.5 Global Regulation of Carbon Emissions 382
13.6 Activities 387
14 Future Issues - Energy Forecasts 389
Learning Objectives 389
14.1 Energy Conservation and Energy Forecasts 391
14.2 Energy Forecasts to 2100 392
14.3 Competing Energy Options 401
14.4 Goldilocks Policy for Energy Transition 403
14.5 The Grand Energy Bargain 406
14.6 Activities 407
Appendix A 409
Appendix B 414
Appendix C 419
Appendix D 424
References 429
Glossary 449
Index 459
