Evolutionary Genetics of Fishes

by Bruce Turner (Editor)

Overview

It is my hope that this collection of reviews can be profitably read by all who are interested in evolutionary biology. However, I would like to specifically target it for two disparate groups of biologists seldom mentioned in the same sentence, classical ichthyologists and molecular biologists. Since classical times, and perhaps even before, ichthyologists have stood in awe at the tremendous diversity of fishes. The bulk of effort in the field has always been directed toward understanding this diversity, i. e. , extracting from it a coherent picture of evolutionary processes and lineages. This effort has, in turn, always been overwhelmingly based upon morphological comparisons. The practical advantages of such compari­ sons, especially the ease with which morphological data can be had from preserved museum specimens, are manifold. But considered objectively (outside its context of "tradition"), morphological analysis alone is a poor tool for probing evolutionary processes or elucidating relationships. The concepts of "relationship" and of "evolution" are inherently genetic ones, and the genetic bases of morphological traits are seldom known in detail and frequently unknown entirely. Earlier in this century, several workers, notably Gordon, Kosswig, Schmidt, and, in his salad years, Carl Hubbs, pioneered the application of genetic techniques and modes of reasoning to ichthyology. While certain that most contemporary ichth­ yologists are familiar with this body of work, I am almost equally certain that few of them regard it as pertinent to their own efforts.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781468446548
Publisher:	Springer US
Publication date:	12/12/2012
Series:	Monographs in Evolutionary Biology
Edition description:	Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984
Pages:	636
Product dimensions:	5.98(w) x 9.02(h) x 0.05(d)

Table of Contents

1 Tetraploidy and the Evolution of Salmonid Fishes.- 1. Introduction: Polyploidy in Vertebrate Evolution.- 2. The Salmonid Tetraploid Event.- 2.1. Evidence for Ancestral Polyploidy.- 2.2. Time of the Event.- 2.3. Nature of the Tetraploid Event.- 3. Evolution of Chromosomes.- 3.1. Ancestral and Extant Karyotypes.- 3.2. Evolution of Disomy.- 4. Evolution of Proteins.- 4.1. Possible Fate of Protein Loci.- 4.2. Salmonid Enzymes.- 4.3. Regulation of Enzyme Loci.- 5. The Current Salmonid Genetic System.- 5.1. Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination.- 5.2. Genetic Recombination.- 5.3. Aneuploidy and Polyploidy.- 5.4. Patterns of Genic Inheritance.- 5.5. Implications of Nondisomic Inheritance.- 6. Adaptive Significance of Polyploidy in Salmonids.- 6.1. Short-Term Success.- 6.2. Long-Term Success.- 7. Summary.- References.- 2 Tetraploidy and the Evolution of the Catostomid Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution.- 1.2. Origin of the Catostomidae.- 1.3. Disomic versus Tetrasomic Inheritance.- 1.4. Early Biochemical Studies.- 2. Experimental and Theoretical Approaches.- 2.1. Starch Gel Electrophoresis and Activity Staining.- 2.2. Determination of the Number of Functional Gene Copies.- 2.3. Determination of Locus Homologies.- 3. Pathways of Duplicate Gene Evolution.- 3.1. Gene Silencing.- 3.2. Molecular Basis of Gene Silencing.- 3.2. Structural Divergence of Proteins.- 3.4. Evolution of the Regulation of Duplicate Genes.- 4. Population Genetics.- 4.1. Genetic Variability.- 4.2. Mathematical Models of the Rate of Gene Silencing.- 5. Systematics.- 5.1. Gene Duplication Analyses and Allozyme Approaches.- 5.2. Species Hybridization.- 6. Speculations on Catostomid Evolution and Directions for Future Research.- 6.1. The Advantages of Polyploidy.- 6.2. Future Research.- References.- 3 A New Look at Sex Determination in Poeciliid Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Polygenic Sex Determination in Fishes.- 3. The H-Y Locus.- 4. Polygenic Sex Determination in Mammals.- 5. The Sex-Determining Mechanism of the Platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus.- 6. The Sex Ratio in the Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri.- 7. Do Swordtails Change Sex?.- 8. Taxonomy and the Induction of the Heterogametic Gonad by H-Y (H-W).- 9. Atypical Sex Determination in Fishes.- 9.1. XX Males.- 9.2. WW, WX, and WY Males in the Platyfish.- 9.3. XY and YY Females in Xiphophorus maculatus.- 9.4. XY Females in Xiphophorus montezumae and Xiphophorus milleri.- 10. The Relationship between Atypical Sex Determination, Sex Ratio, Age at Maturity, and Adult Size.- 11. Most Small Males of Xiphorphorus nigrensis (Río Choy) Are XX.- 12. The Frequency of the Autosomal Factors for Atypical Sex Determination in Natural Populations of Xiphophorus.- 13. The Effect of Extrinsic Factors on Sex Determination in Fishes.- 14. Sex Ratios and Sex Determination in Species Hybrids.- 15. The Sex-Determining System of Xiphophorus helleri.- 16. Summary.- Appendix. Sex Ratio Data for Various Xiphophorus Sks.- References.- 4 Gene Mapping in Fishes and Other Vertebrates.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Evolutionary Stability of Linkage Groups.- 1.2. A Perspective on Gene Mapping.- 1.3. Genetic Maps of Protein-Coding Loci in Vertebrates.- 2. Linkage Relationships of Protein-Coding Loci in Fishes.- 2.1. Xiphophorus, Poeciliidae.- 2.2. Homology of Xiphophorus Proteins with Those Studied in Other Fishes.- 2.3. Poeciliopsis, Poeciliidae.- 2.4. Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae.- 2.5. Freshwater Sunfishes, Centrarchidae.- 2.6. Trout and Salmon, Salmonidae.- 3. Comparisons of Linkage Groups of Fishes with Other Vertebrates.- 4. Potential for Expansion of Linkage Maps in Fishes.- 5. Uses of Linkage Maps.- References.- 5 The Evolutionary Genetics of Xiphophorus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Allozyme Variation.- 2.2. Symbols, Calculations, and Statistics.- 2.3. Collecting Localities.- 3. Five Sets of Polymorphic Loci.- 3.1. The Tailspot Locus.- 3.2. Tailspot Pattern Modifiers.- 3.3. Bodyspot Locus.- 3.4. Allozyme Loci.- 3.5. The Pituitary Locus.- 4. Geographic Clines in Genetic Diversity.- 4.1. Tailspot Locus.- 4.2. Allozyme Loci.- 4.3. Bodyspot Locus.- 5. The Tailspot Hypothesis.- 6. New Support for the Tailspot Hypothesis.- 6.1. Genetic Correlates of Relative Condition.- 6.2. Additional Field Data.- 6.3. Laboratory Studies.- 7. Maintenance of the Tailspot Polymorphism.- 8. Summary.- References.- 6 Apomictic Reproduction in the Amazon Molly,Poecilia formosa, and Its Triploid Hybrids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytological Considerations.- 2.1. Ameiotic Reproduction in Unisexuals of Poecilia.- 2.2. Alternatives to Apomixis.- 3. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Evolutionary Ecology of Unisexual Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Evolutionary Ecology of Parthenogenetic Vertebrates.- 3. The Adaptive Value in Being a Parthenogenetic Vertebrate.- 3.1. Production of Only Female Offspring.- 3.2. High Colonizing and Recolonizing Ability.- 3.3. Preservation of Adaptive Gene Complexes.- 3.4. Heterosis.- 3.5. The Competitive Interaction Hypothesis (Parthenospecies as “Weeds”; Ecological Intermediacy; Multiple Niches).- 4. The Problem of Coexistence.- 5. Clonal Diversity.- References.- 8 The Evolution of Clonal Diversity in Poeciliopsis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Frozen Niche Variation Hypothesis.- 2.1. Polyphyletic Hybrid Origins.- 2.2 Ecological Studies of Clones.- 2.3. Variation in Sexual Ancestors.- 2.4. Stability of the Phenotype.- 2.5. Synthetic Clones.- 3. Mutations and Muller’s Ratchet Mechanism.- 3.1. Silent Mutations of Enzymes.- 3.2. Dominant and Recessive Lethals.- 3.3. Mutations and Sexual Mimicry.- 4. Recombination.- 4.1. Trihybrid Unisexuals.- 4.2. The Triploids.- 4.3. Linkage Arrangements.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9 Evolutionary Phenetics and Genetics: The Threespine Stickback, Gasteroteus aculeatus, and Related Species.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Biology of Gasterosteus aculeatus.- 1.2. Phylogenetic Relationships.- 2. Variable Features.- 2.1. Lateral Plate Phenotypes.- 2.2. Variation in Coloration.- 2.3. Gill Raker Number Variation.- 2.4. Body Size Variation.- 2.5. Dorsal Spine Number Variation.- 2.6. Spine Length Variation.- 2.7. Pelvic Structure Variation.- 2.8. Protein Polymorphism.- 3. Divergent Gasterosteus Populations.- 3.1. Populations with Reduced Armor.- 3.2. The Giant Black Stickleback of Mayer Lake.- 3.3. Populations with Male Nuptial Melanism.- 3.4. Other Notable Populations.- 4. Parallelism.- 5. Evolutionary Rates.- 5.1. Evidence from the Fossil Record.- 5.2. Divergence in Recently Deglaciated Areas.- 5.3. Rates over Historical Periods.- 5.4. Conclusions.- 6. Conclusions 515 Appendix A. Measurement of Morphological Features in Gasterosteus aculeatus.- A1. Sampling.- A2. Fixation, Staining, and Preservation.- A3. Scoring Morphological Features.- Appendix B. Crossing and Rearing Gasterosteus aculeatus.- References.- 10 Population Genetics of North Atlantic Catadromous Eels (Anguilla).- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Life Cycle of Anguilla.- 1.2. Classic Evidence on Taxonomy and Life History.- 1.3. More Recent Discussions of the Life History.- 2. Panmixia or Self-Maintaining Local Populations?.- 2.1. Aspects of the Life History.- 2.2. Genetic and Geographic Variation in North Atlantic Anguilla Populations.- 2.3. Spatial Genetic Variation in North American Anguilla.- 2.4. Spatial Genetic Variation in European Anguilla.- 3. Panmixia with Strong Selection versus Local Populations.- 3.1. Intercontinental Genetic Differentiation in North Atlantic Anguilla.- 3.2. Intercontinental Morphological Differentiation.- 4. Sex Determination.- References.- 11 Allozymes of the Cyprinid Fishes: Variation and Application.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Collection and Documentation.- 2.2. Enzyme and Locus Nomenclature.- 2.3. Tissue and Buffer Optima.- 3. Genetic Variation.- 3.1. Heterozygosity.- 3.2. Allozyme Differentiation among Taxa.- 3.3. Comparisons with Karyotypic Differentiation.- 3.4. Comparisons with Immunological Differentiation.- 3.5. Comparisons with Morphological Differentiation.- 4. Applications.- 4.1. Hybridization and Introgression.- 4.2. Rates of Evolution.- 4.3. Biochemical Identification.- 4.4. Systematics.- 5. Recommendations for Future Research.- 5.1. Geographic Sampling Strategy: Synthesis of— and— Analyses.- 5.2. Reevaluation of “Magnitude” Arguments in Taxonomy.- 5.3. Application of Phylogenetic Methods.- References.- 12 Descriptive Genetics of Cichlid Fishes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Genome Size.- 3. Electrophoretic Characterization.- 4. Chromosomes.- 5. Sex Markers.- 6. Hybridization.- 7. Summary.- References.