Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction
History of Fractal Analysis
Fundamentals of fractals
Definition of Fractal
Complexity of biological systems
Fractal Dimension
Summary of this book
References
Physiology, Anatomy and Fractal Properties
Introduction
Conceptual understanding
Chaos, Complexity, Fractals and entropy
Chaos Theory
Complex Systems
Entropy
Fractal and fractal dimension
Computing Fractal dimension
Relationship of Fractals and Self-similarity
Fractals in Biology
Properties of natural and synthetic objects
Human physiology
Summary
References
Fractal Dimension of Biosignals
Introduction
Fractal Dimension and Self-similarity
Different methods to estimate fractal dimension of a waveform
Fractals and Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electromyogram (EMG) and Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Fractal dimension for Gait Analysis
Summary
References
Fractals analysis of electrocardiogram
Heart activity and fractal properties
Heart rate variability
Fractal properties of ECG
An Example
Poincare plot of heart-rate variability
Application - ECG and Heart rate variability
Summary
References
Fractals analysis of Surface Electromyogram
Introduction
Surface Electromyogram (sEMG)
Fractal analysis of sEMG
Summary
References
Fractals analysis of Electroencephalogram
Electroencephalogram
Techniques for EEG Analysis
Fractal properties of EEG
An example - Measuring alertness using Fractal properties of EEG
References
Fractal analysis of biomedical images
Introduction
Fractal geometry and self-similarity
Entropy, fractals and tortuosity
Binary Box-count Fractal dimension
Differential (3D) Box-counting dimension
Spectral fractal dimension
Higuchi’s fractal dimension
Summary
References
Fractal Dimension of Retinal Vasculature
Introduction to human eye anatomy
Eye fundus retinopathy - Disease manifestation in retina
FD and age related changes of retinal vasculature
FD and Hypertensive retinopathy
FD and risk of stroke event
FD and Diabetic retinopathy
Summary
References
Fractal Dimension of Mammograms
Introduction
Mammography and Properties of breast tissue
Fractal irregularities of breast tissues
Fractal based detection of Breast cancer and the tumor types
Summary
References
Fractal Dimension of Skin Lesions
Introduction
Fundamentals of Skin
Skin legions and abnormalities
Skin cancer and associated changes to FD
FD of the ageing skin
Summary
References
Case study I: Age associated change of complexity
Background
Physiological basis
Ageing muscles and fractal properties
Ageing heart and changes to ECG
Ageing eyes and FD of eye-fundus images
Summary
References
Case study 2: Health, well-being and Fractal properties
Introduction
Risk of stroke and retinal fractal
Muscle fatigue and fractal properties
Summary
References
