Table of Contents
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Executive Summary xvii
Part I The Epidemiology of HIV and Prevention Strategies 1
Chapter 1 Dynamics of the HIV Epidemic in South Asia David Wilson Mariam Claeson 3
Introduction 3
The Global Context 4
HIV Transmission Patterns in South Asia 12
What Works-Lessons from HIV Prevention Interventions and Programs 27
Conclusions: Prevention Priorities for South Asia 32
References 36
Chapter 2 Responding to HIV in Afghanistan Jed Friedman Edit V. Velenyi 41
Introduction 41
The State of the Epidemic in Afghanistan 42
Evidence on the Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of HIV Prevention 47
HIV Prevention in Afghanistan-An Economic Perspective 50
Conclusions 56
Notes 65
References 66
Part II The Economic and Development Impacts of HIV and AIDS 73
Chapter 3 Development Impact of HIV and AIDS in South Asia Markus Haacker 75
Introduction 75
Health and Demographic Impacts of HIV and AIDS 77
The Economic Impact of HIV and AIDS: Aggregate Approaches 84
Beyond Aggregate Measures of the Impact of HIV and AIDS 90
Economic Development Aspects of the Response to HIV and AIDS 99
Summary and Conclusions 112
Notes 114
References 117
Chapter 4 Economic Cost of HIV and AIDS in India Sanghamitra Das Abhiroop Mukhopadhyay Tridip Ray 123
Introduction 123
Context 125
A Survey of Households Affected by HIV and AIDS 127
Outline of the Model 141
Estimating the Costs of HIV and AIDS 143
Concluding Remarks 147
Notes 149
References 151
Part III The Burden of HIV and AIDS on the Health Sector 155
Chapter 5 The Fiscal Burden of AIDS Treatment on South Asian Health Care Systems Mead Over 157
Introduction157
Overview of AIDS Cases and Treatment in South Asia 158
Future Growth of South Asian Treatment Costs 163
Health Care Financing in South Asian Countries 167
Access to Private Health Care and the Risk of Poverty 170
Quality of Private vs. Public ART 175
Conclusions 177
Notes 187
References 189
Chapter 6 Recurrent Costs of India's Free ART Program Indrani Gupta Mayur Trivedi Subodh Kandamuthan 191
Introduction 191
India's Free ART Program 193
Methodology and Data Collection 196
Overview of the Selected Sites 201
Key Assumptions and Parameters 205
Costs of the ART Program 210
Out-of-pocket Expenditure 216
Projected Costs of India's Free ART Program 218
Discussion of Findings 220
Outlook 223
Notes 234
References 236
Index 239
