Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse

Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse

Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse

Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse

Paperback(Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1983)

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Overview

Alcohol use affects, either directly or indirectly, nearly all facets of Western civi­ lization. Eastern cultures are also not exempt from the influence of alcohol, and the present decade has been a time of increased alcohol use in all parts of the world. The problems of alcohol abuse and alcoholism are of concern to a variety of professionals in the biomedical and psychosocial health sciences, and-although the alcohol research literature contains much information on the relationships between alcohol ingestion and physiological, neurochemical, pharmacologic, genetic, environmental, and psychological effects in humans and in subhuman spe­ cies-there is at the present time no advanced textbook that integrates the avail­ able information for use by both students and professionals. The writing of Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse constitutes an attempt to create a scholarly reference and resource for students, researchers, prac­ ticing clinicians, and paraprofessionals who wish to understand the complex inter­ play of factors related to acute and chronic alcohol intoxication, the effects of alco­ hol on body functions, and treatment approaches to alcohol abusers and alcoholics.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781468444384
Publisher: Springer US
Publication date: 03/14/2012
Edition description: Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1983
Pages: 404
Product dimensions: 5.98(w) x 9.02(h) x 0.03(d)

Table of Contents

1 Alcohol Use and Abuse: Historical Perspective and Present Trends.- 1. Alcohol Use in Historical Perspective.- 1.1. Recent Trends in Alcohol Consumption.- 2. Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems.- 3. Development of the Concept(s) of Alcoholism.- 3.1. The Traditional Approach.- 3.2. The Social-Learning/Behavioral Models.- 3.3. The Multivariate Approach.- 3.4. Advantages of the Multivariate Approach.- 3.5. Implications for the Future.- 4. References.- 2 The Genetics of Alcoholism.- 1. Types of Studies Supporting a Genetic Influence in Alcoholism.- 1.1. Family Studies.- 1.2. Animal Studies.- 1.3. Genetic Marker Studies.- 1.4. Twin Studies.- 1.5. Adoption Studies.- 2. Possible Biological Mechanisms for a Genetic Influence in Alcoholism.- 2.1. Absorption/Metabolism.- 2.2. Acute Reaction.- 2.3. Functional Tolerance.- 2.4. Susceptibility to Chronic Consequences.- 2.5. Personality.- 2.6. Relationship to Other Psychiatric Disorders.- 3. A Prospective Search for the Biological Determinants of Alcoholism.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 5.1. Books and Reviews.- 3 The Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism of Ethanol and Its Effects on Nutrition and Hepatic Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Absorption and Distribution.- 3. Pharmacokinetics and Alcohol Elimination Rates.- 3.1. Intra- and Interindividual Variations in Alcohol Elimination Rates.- 4. Processes and Organs Responsible for Ethanol Elimination.- 5. Significant Pathways of Ethanol Metabolism.- 6. Enzymes That Oxidize Ethanol to Acetaldehyde.- 6.1. Alcohol Dehydrogenase.- 6.2. Properties of Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Genetic Variation in Isoenzymes of Human Alcohol Dehydrogenase.- 6.3. Catalase and MEOS.- 7. Enzymes That Oxidize Acetaldehyde to Acetate.- 7.1. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase.- 8. Control of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Metabolism in Liver.- 9. Effect of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion on Alcohol Elimination Rate.- 10. Chronic Ethanol Ingestion and Nutrition.- 11. Ethanol Oxidation and Hepatic Metabolism.- 11.1. Effects on Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism.- 11.2. Effects on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism.- 12. References.- 12.1 Monographs and Reviews.- 4 Effects of Ethanol upon Organ Systems Other than the Central Nervous System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ethanol and the Gastrointestinal Tract.- 2.1. Ethanol and the Oral Cavity.- 2.2. Ethanol and the Esophagus.- 2.3. Ethanol and the Stomach.- 2.4. Ethanol and the Small Bowel.- 2.5. Ethanol and the Large Bowel.- 2.6. Ethanol and the Pancreas.- 2.7. Ethanol and the Liver.- 3. Muscle Systems.- 3.1. Heart Muscle.- 3.2. Skeletal Muscle.- 4. The Hematologic System.- 4.1. Bone Marrow.- 4.2. Iron Kinetics.- 4.3. Vitamin Deficiency.- 4.4. Macrocytosis.- 4.5. White Blood Cells.- 4.6. Coagulation and Platelet Disorder.- 5. Kidney Disease and Alcoholism.- 6. Pulmonary Disease and Alcoholism.- 7. The Endocrine System and Alcoholism.- 7.1. Gonadal and Adrenal Effects.- 7.2. The Alcoholic Female.- 8. Effects of Ethanol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- 9. Effects of Alcohol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Axis.- 10. The Effects of Alcohol on Growth Hormone and Prolactin.- 11. Effects of Alcohol on Vasopressin and Oxyin.- 12. Biological Markers of Alcoholism.- 13. References.- 5 Ethanol and the Central Nervous System.- 1. Ethanol and Behavior.- 1.1. General Aspects.- 1.2. Motor Function.- 1.3. Mental Processes.- 1.4. Psychological Reactions.- 1.5. Hangover.- 2. Ethanol and Membrane Structure and Function.- 2.1. Ethanol-Membrane Interactions.- 2.2. Effect of Ethanol on Electrical Properties and Ion Translocation.- 3. Ethanol and Electrical Cellular Activity.- 3.1. Electrophysiological Studies.- 3.2. Sleep Studies.- 4. Ethanol and Synaptic Transmission.- 4.1. Neurotransmitters.- 4.2. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 5. Ethanol and Metabolism.- 5.1. Intermediary Metabolism.- 5.2. Aberrant Neurotransmitters.- 6. Consequences of Long-term Ethanol Consumption.- 6.1. Clinical Effects.- 6.2. Animal Models for Brain Damage.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 6 Neurologic Diseases Associated with Chronic Alcohol Abuse.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope.- 1.2. Types of Interactions between Alcohol and Disease.- 1.3. Pathogenetic Mechanisms.- 1.4. Prevalence of Alcohol-Associated Diseases.- 2. Physical Dependence.- 3. Chronic Diseases of the Central Nervous System.- 3.1. Psychiatric-Behavioral Diagnoses (DSM-III).- 3.2. Neurologic-Neuropathologic Diagnoses (SNOMED).- 3.3. Nutritional Deficiencies.- 3.4. Degenerative Syndromes.- 3.5. Hepatic Encephalopathy.- 3.6. Subdural Hematoma.- 3.7. Other CNS Disorders.- 4. Peripheral Polyneuropathy.- 5. Nutritional Deficiencies.- 5.1. Gastrointestinal Tract.- 5.2. Calories.- 5.3. Vitamins.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- 7 Biology of Tolerance and Dependence.- 1. Introduction to Tolerance and Dependence.- 2. Factors Contributing to Tolerance and Dependence.- 3. Classifications and Definitions of Tolerance.- 3.1. Environment-Dependent and -Independent Tolerance.- 3.2. Acute Tolerance.- 3.3. Chronic Tolerance.- 3.4. Neuronal Systems Responsible for Development of Tolerance.- 4. Biochemical Determinants of Ethanol Tolerance.- 5. Characteristics of Physical Dependence on Ethanol.- 6. Etiological Factors Contributing to the Development of Physical Dependence.- 7. Neurochemical Systems Determining Physical Dependence.- 8. Pharmacologic Management of the Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.- 8.1. Treatment Strategy.- 8.2. Benzodiazepines.- 8.3. Paraldehyde.- 8.4. Barbiturates.- 8.5. Antipsychotics.- 8.6. Chlormethiazole.- 8.7. Anticonvulsants.- 8.8. Miscellaneous.- 9. References.- 8 Alcohol Consumption and Prenatal Development.- 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects.- 1.1. Major Characteristics Associated with FAS and FAE.- 1.2. Risk Factors.- 2. Alcohol as a Teratogen in Animals, 1973–1979.- 2.1. Effects on Growth and Development and Postnatal Mortality.- 2.2. Morphologic Anomalies.- 2.3. Behavioral Teratogenic Effects.- 2.4. Neuroanatomical Changes.- 2.5. Neurochemical Alterations.- 2.6. Effects on Biochemistry.- 2.7. Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis.- 3. Critical Discussion and General Conclusions.- 3.1. Future Trends.- 4. References.- 9 Interaction of Ethanol with Other Drugs.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Definitions.- 1.2. Dose-Response Curves.- 1.3. Metabolic Principles.- 2. Centrally Acting Compounds.- 2.1. Depressants.- 2.2. Stimulants.- 2.3. Neurotransmitters.- 2.4. Metabolic Interactions.- 3. References.- 10 Psychological Correlates and Explantions of Alcohol Use and Abuse.- 1. Psychodynamic Models.- 1.1. Psychoanalytic Theory.- 1.2. The Alcoholic Personality.- 1.3. Power Motivation.- 2. The Disease Model.- 2.1. Craving/Loss of Control.- 3. Behavioral and Social-Learning Approach.- 3.1. Social Learning: The Role of Modeling.- 3.2. Tension-Reduction Hypothesis.- 3.3. Cognitive Factors: The Role of Expectancy.- 3.4. Relapse Prevention.- 4. Future Directions.- 5. References.- 11 Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Patient Variables, Treatment Variables.- 1. Critical View of Treatment Outcome Evaluation.- 1.1. Evaluation of Heterogeneous Treatment: The “Horserace” Approach.- 1.2. Patient-Treatment Matching.- 1.3. An Alternative Model for Treatment Evaluation.- 2. Treatment Variables.- 2.1. Biological Variables.- 2.2. Individual Psychological Variables.- 2.3. The Interpersonal System.- 3. Patient Variables.- 3.1. Problem Drinking in Old Age.- 3.2. Problem Drinking in Women.- 3.3. Problem Drinking in Persons with Other Psychiatric Disorders.- 4. Implications.- 4.1. Definition and Measurement of Problem Drinking for Specific Populations.- 4.2. Definition and Measurement of Mediating Variables for Specific Populations.- 4.3. Stages of Intervention.- 4.4. Other Implications for Treatment Research.- 4.5. A Brief Description of a Hypothetical Treatment Study with Women Alcoholics.- 4.6. Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 12 Prevention of Alcohol Abuse.- 1. Approaches to Prevention.- 2. Alcohol Education.- 2.1. Comprehensive Educational Programs.- 2.2. Behavioral Programs.- 3. Mass Media.- 4. Alcohol Control Legislation.- 4.1. Efforts to Limit Availability of Alcohol.- 4.2. Criminalization and Punishment of Alcohol-Related Behaviors.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.
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