Misfire: The Tragic Failure of the M16 in Vietnam

by Bob Orkand, Lyman Duryea

Overview

The M16 rifle is one of the world’s most famous firearms, iconic as the American weapon of the Vietnam War—and, indeed, as the U.S. military’s standard service rifle until only a few years ago. But the story of the M16 in Vietnam is anything but a success story. In the early years of the war, the U.S. military had a problem: its primary infantry rifle, the M14, couldn’t stand up to the enemy’s AK-47s. The search was on for a replacement that was lighter weight, more durable, and more lethal than the M14. After tests (some of which the new rifle had failed) and debates (more than a few rooted in the army brass’s resistance to change), Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ordered the adoption of the M16, which was rushed through production and rushed to Vietnam, reaching troops’ hands in early 1965.

Problems appeared immediately. Soldiers were often not adequately trained to maintain the new rifle (in fact some were told the new rifle was “self-cleaning”), nor were they always given cleaning supplies or instructions. The harsh jungle climate corroded the rifle’s chamber, exacerbated by the manufacturer’s decision against chrome-plating the chamber. The ammunition that accompanied the rifles sent to Vietnam was incompatible with the M16 and was the principal cause of the failure to extract malfunctions. The result was the M16 often jammed, making the rifle “about as effective as a muzzleloader,” in the words of one officer. Men were killed in combat because they couldn’t return fire until the malfunction was cleared. Congress investigated and the rifle and its ammunition were incrementally modified, greatly improving its reliability over the next few years. Troop training was also improved. But the damage to the M16’s reputation could not be undone, and many soldiers remained deeply skeptical of their rifle through the war’s end.


Misfire combines insider knowledge of U.S. Army weapons development with firsthand combat experience in Vietnam to tell the story of the M16 in Vietnam. Even as it details the behind-the-scenes development, tests, and debates that brought this rifle into service, the book also describes men and M16s in action on the battlefield, never losing sight of the soldiers who carried M16s in the jungles of Vietnam and all too often suffered the consequences of decisions they had nothing to do with.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780811772983
Publisher:	Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Publication date:	10/01/2023
Pages:	258
Sales rank:	664,492
Product dimensions:	5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.60(d)

About the Author

Bob Orkand, a retired U.S. Army lieutenant colonel, served with the 1st Cavalry Division in Vietnam and went on to serve as deputy director of the Weapons Department of the U.S. Army Infantry School, where in 1971 he led a team that investigated why soldiers in Vietnam were shooting poorly with their M16s. He holds a BA in English from Columbia University and after his army service worked in the newspaper business with the Miami Herald, the Detroit Free Press, and – as president and publisher – the Centre Daily Times (State College, PA). In June 2017 he published a piece for the New York Times’ Vietnam ’67 series. He lives in Huntsville, Texas.

Colonel (U.S. Army, Infantry, Retired) Lyman "Chan" Duryea passed away on April 17, 2019 while this book was in its final stages of production, the result of a swift, aggressive cancer. He would have observed his eighty-first birthday the following month. Chan was a retired U.S. Army colonel and decorated infantryman who served as a test officer with the U.S. Army Infantry Board in 1964-66 when M16 prototypes were being evaluated by the Army at Fort Benning. A West Point graduate, Duryea served two tours in Vietnam, with the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and as a District Senior Advisor, earning a Silver Star and three Bronze Stars, including one for valor. He held a doctorate in military history from Temple and taught at West Point, the School of the Americas, and the Army War College. He lived in Kentucky.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

1 For Want of a Nail 4

2 Why Replace the M14? 25

3 The M16 and Its Development 44

4 The Small Arms Weapons Systems Test 64

5 CYA-The Name of the Game 86

6 The Troops Deploy-An Autopsy of the Problem 98

7 Weighed in the Balance-A Jammed M16 Caused My First KIA Lyman Duryea 117

8 Someone Had Blundered 127

9 In Council Rooms Apart 148

10 The Uncertain Trumpet 173

11 Why Not the ARVN? 189

12 The Rifle, Politics, the Aftermath Lyman Duryea 202

13 "When Will They Ever Learn?" Bob Orkand 210

Afterword 221

Acknowledgments 223

Notes 227

Bibliography 231

Index 235

About the Authors 249

Editorial Reviews

05/13/2019

Retired army colonels Orkand and Duryea offer a solid, technically detailed examination of the development and use of the M16 rifle in the Vietnam War that also encompasses their theories about how the war was conducted. Duryea—who died after finishing the book—helped test the M16 before its use in the war; Orkand led a 1971 military study examining the inadequacies of the weapon, which had a dangerous tendency to jam. There are dense, jargon-filled passages on weapons testing results and pages of direct quotes from congressional hearings on the M16’s development and implementation. In a chapter titled “Weighed in the Balance—A Jammed M16 Caused My First KIA,” Duryea tells of a PFC whose M16 jammed in May 1966 and who was killed by enemy fire. The authors blame politicians and military leaders for the failure in Vietnam, writing that “American men” who served in Vietnam “were committed into combat without a commensurate commitment from their leaders and the American public that they would be backed by the same determination and willpower that had sustained our fighting forces in World War II and Korea.” Further, they write, “Committing thousands of America’s young men into combat with an unproven, insufficiently tested weapon was just one tragic instance of the many misguided decisions that characterized the Vietnam War.” Replete with technical descriptions and charts, this book will appeal to those with a keen interest in 20th-century weaponry. Illus. (July)

Publishers Weekly