Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 History and Background 3
The Precursors: Automata 4
How Do Automata Work? 9
The Transfer of Knowledge: Islam to Europe 11
Why Automata? 12
Toward the Golden Age of Automata 14
Automata in the Modern World 17
From Automata to Robots 18
The Birth of the Modern Robot 20
Evolution of the Robot 23
Industrial Robots 24
Humanoid Robots 28
Humanoid Robots in Literature and the Arts 35
Types of Robots 38
Conclusion 43
References 44
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 61
A Robotic Threat to the Human Species? 62
Naysayers and Doubting Thomases 65
Robots and a Jobless Future 67
Disruptive Technologies 68
Income in a Jobless Future 71
Social Benefits in a Jobless Future 72
Education and Leisure in a Jobless Future 74
Moral Robots 76
Robots at Work Today 84
Agriculture 86
Business and Finance 87
Education 90
Comfort Robots 92
Health Care 94
Military Applications 99
Space Research 106
Learning about Robots 108
Conclusion 109
References 110
3 Perspectives 129
Where Are All the Robots? Richard Hooper 129
Engaging Students through Robotics David E. Johnson 132
Robotics: A Potential Human Adjunct Needed for the Improvement of Global Health Care and Research Development Samuel C. Okpechi 136
How My Life Has Been Changed by Robots Sierra Repp 140
Will We Accept Care Robots in Our Homes in the Near-Future? Shalaleh Rismani 144
Social Robots for Individuals with Autism Anjali A. Sarkar 147
I-C-MARS Project Built by Native American Students for Native American Schools and STEM Programs Nader Vadiee 151
Chatbots and Human Conversation Erin Zimmerman 156
4 Profiles 163
Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) 163
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence 166
Nick Boström (1973-) 167
Rodney Brooks (1954-) 169
George Devol (1912-2011) 171
Joseph Engelberger (1925-2015) 174
Future of Humanity Institute 177
Future of Life Institute 178
Heron of Alexandria (ca. 10-70 CE) 180
IEEE Robotics & Automation Society 181
Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 184
International Federation of Robotics 185
Hiroshi Ishiguro (1963-) 187
Al-Jazari (1136-1206) 188
Ray Kurzweil (1948-) 190
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) 193
Machine Intelligence Research Institute 196
Marvin Minsky (1927-2016) 198
Martin Rees (1942-) 200
Robotics Industries Association 202
Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University 205
Victor Scheinman (1942-2016) 206
Alan Turing (1912-1954) 208
Jacques de Vaucanson (1709-1782) 211
5 Data, and Documents 215
Data 215
Table 5.1 Estimated Yearly Shipments of Multipurpose Industrial Robots in Selected Countries 215
Table 5.2 Estimated Worldwide Annual Supply of Industrial Robots 216
Table 5.3 Worldwide Estimated Operational Stock of Industrial Robots 217
Table 5.4 Use of Robots by Various Industries 217
Table 5.5 Distribution of Robots among Various Countries and Regions 218
Documents 218
Guidelines for Robotic Safety (1999) 218
Efficacy of Robotic Surgery (2013) 224
Idaho Drone Law (2013) 226
Robotically Assisted Surgery (2015) 228
Florida Law on Driverless Vehicles (2016) 231
Draft Report (on Robotics) of the European Parliament (2016) 233
National Robotics Initiative (2011/2016) 236
Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence (2016) 243
Regulatory Robot (CPSC) (2016) 244
Virginia Robot Delivery Laws (2017) 246
Criminal Robots (2017) 247
Taylor v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc. (2017) 249
Amazon Motion to Quash a Search Warrant (2017) 251
Conclusion 251
6 Resources 255
Books 256
Articles 267
Reports 279
Internet 285
7 Chronology 303
Glossary 321
Index 327
About the Author 339
