Table of Contents
1 Introduction - The Relationship of Labour Market Marginalisation and Social Exclusion 15
1.3 Scientific Evidence and Main Expectations about the Effects of Labour Market Marginalisation on Social Integration 16
1.2 Conceptual Framework and Analytical Approach 19
1.3 The Setup of the Empirical Analysis 20
1.4 Three Dimensions of the Labour Market and Social Exclusion Relationship 22
1.5 Overview of the Book 24
2 Conceptualising Labour Market Marginalisation and Social Integration 25
2.1 Determinants of Social Exclusion 26
2.1.1 Multidimensionality of Social Exclusion 27
2.1.2 Two Spheres of Sociability 29
2.2 Making Sense of the Multi-Layered Functions of Employment 30
2.2.1 Materialist Perspectives on Labour Market Disadvantage 32
2.2.2 Social Identity Perspectives on Labour Market Disadvantage 35
2.2.3 The Context's Influence on Individual Labour Market Experiences 41
2.2.4 Interrelation of Financial Distress and Identity Struggles 44
2.3 Dynamics of Labour Market Marginalisation 45
2.3.1 The Cumulative Tendency of Disadvantage 48
2.3.2 Social Class, Vulnerability, and the Distribution of Labour Market Risks 51
2.4 Summary 54
3 Data and Methods 55
3.1 A Combined Longitudinal and Multi-level Data Set 55
3.2 Sample 57
3.3 Data Challenges - Non-Response and Missing Values 58
3.4 Operationalisation of Core Concepts 59
3.4.1 Measuring Social Integration 59
3.4.2 Explaining the Labour Market Marginalisation and Social Exclusion Link 60
3.4.3 Contextualising Individual Labour Market Experiences 61
3.5 Methodological Considerations - Modelling Longitudinal and Hierarchical Data 62
4 Accumulation of Labour Market Disadvantage - Individual, Household, and Regional Factors 67
4.1 Path Dependency - The Cumulative Process of Disadvantage 69
4.1.1 Explaining Cumulative Tendencies of Disadvantage - the Impact of Resources and Social Roles 70
4.1.2 Gender, Partnership and Household Composition - How Social Roles Reinforce Labour Market Positions 72
4.1.3 Context Factors - the Impact of Regional Labour Markets, Wealth, Demography, and Institutional Settings 73
4.2 Analytical Strategy and Operationalisation 75
4.3 The Impact of Employment Histories, Favourable and Harmful Contexts 79
4.3.1 Accumulation of (Dis-) Advantage - the Intensification of Effects 80
4.3.2 Social Roles Determine Female Vulnerability to Labour Market Marginalisation 89
4.3.3 Regional Labour Markets, Fertility Rates, and Childcare Availability Have a Greater Impact on Female than Male Labour Market Outcomes 94
4.4 Concluding Remarks on the Accumulation of Labour Market Marginalisation 103
5 Labour Market Marginalisation and Social Embeddedness: Unravelling the Conditions for Deteriorating Personal Relations 107
5.1 Taking Multidimensional Linkages of Labour Market Disadvantage and Social Relations into Account 109
5.1.1 Gendered Effects of Labour Market Marginalisation 110
5.1.2 Age Dependent Vulnerability to Negative Labour Market Experiences 113
5.1.3 Linked Lives - Labour Market Marginalisation in the Household Context 116
5.1.4 Assessing the Spatial Dimension of Individual Labour Market Experiences 117
5.1.5 Summary 120
5.2 Analytical Strategy and Operationalisation 121
5.3 Exploring the Four Social-Structural Dimensions of Inequality 126
5.3.1 Gendered Patterns of Labour Market Disadvantage 127
5.3.2 Labour Market Disadvantage at Different Life Stages 129
5.3.3 The Unexpected Weak Effect of Household Composition for Labour Market Disadvantage 132
5.3.4 Contextualizing Individual Labour Market Experiences - Assessing the Impact of Regional Labour Markets, Prosperity, and Fertility 136
5.3.5 Examining Attitudinal Dimensions of Social Identity 141
5.4 Concluding Remarks on the Effects of Labour Market Marginalisation on Personal Relations 146
6 Labour Market Marginalisation and Public Engagement: Unravelling the Conditions for Withdrawal from Civic Participation 151
6.1 Defining Civic Participation as Social, Religious, and Political Engagement 154
6.2 Structural and Socio-Cultural Explanations of the Labour Market and Civic Participation Relationship 157
6.2.1 Structural Accounts of the Labour Market and Participation Relationship 158
6.2.2 Identifying Explanations beyond Material Resources - the Impact of Social Roles and Identity 162
6.2.3 Opportunity Structures and Normative Settings - Impact Factors at the Regional Level 166
6.2.4 Summary 169
6.3 Analytical Strategy and Operationalisation 171
6.4 Resources, Social Roles, and the Socio-Economic Context 177
6.4.1 The Accumulation of (Dis-) Advantage Intensifies the Effects of Labour Market Experiences 178
6.4.2 The Insignificance of Financial Mechanisms 183
6.4.3 Work Norms and Family Values Strengthen Resilience to Labour Market Marginalisation 186
6.4.4 Left Behind - Individual Marginalisation in Disadvantaged Regions 192
6.4.5 Double Advantage - Stable Careers in Contexts with Strong Participation Norms 198
6.5 Concluding Remarks on the Effects of Labour Market Marginalisation on Civic Engagement 203
7 Conclusion 209
7.1 Three Analytical Layers Shape the Relationship of Labour Market Marginalisation and Social Integration 209
7.1.1 Double (Dis-) Advantage - Social and Economic Positions and Local Contexts Affect Individual Work Trajectories 211
7.1.2 A Threat to Personal Relationships - The Vulnerability of People Whose Identity Depends on Paid Labour 212
7.1.3 Social Identity, Available Time, and Family Values Shape the Effects of Labour Market and Civic Participation 213
7.2 Putting the Results in Perspective - Common Threads, Limitations, and Future Research Avenues 214
7.2.1 The Weak Explanatory Impact of Financial Strain 215
7.2.2 The Importance of Social Roles and Identity 215
7.2.3 The Impact of Local Contexts for Individual Experiences of Social Integration 216
7.2.4 The Multifaceted Role of Labour Market Participation for Social Integration 217
8 References 221
9 Appendix 239
9.1 Chapter 04 239
9.2 Chapter 05 245
9.3 Chapter 06 254
10 Index 265
