The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way: An Introduction to Omaha Language and Culture
The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way provides a comprehensive textbook for students, scholars, and laypersons to learn to speak and understand the language of the Omaha Nation. Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Vida Woodhull Stabler, Aubrey Streit Krug, Loren Frerichs, and Rory Larson have collaborated with elder speakers, including Alberta Grant Canby, Emmaline Walker Sanchez, Marcella Woodhull Cavou, and Donna Morris Parker, to write this book.

The original and creative pedagogical method used in this textbook—teaching the Omaha language through Omaha culture—consists of a structured series of lesson plans. It is the result of a generous collaboration between the Department of Anthropology at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center at Umóⁿhoⁿ Nation Public School in Macy, Nebraska. The method draws on the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of Awakuni-Swetland to illustrate the Omaha values of balance and integration. The contents are shaped into two parts, each of which complements the other—just as the Earth and Sky do.  

This textbook features an introduction by Awakuni-Swetland on the history and phonology of the Omaha language; lessons from the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center at Macy, with a writing system quick sheet; situation quick sheets; lessons on games; lessons on spring, summer, fall, and winter; an Omaha language resource list; and a glossary in the standard Macy orthography of the Omaha language. The textbook also includes cultural lessons in the language by Awakuni-Swetland and lessons from the Omaha language class at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way offers a linguistic foundation for tribal members, students, scholars, and laypersons, featuring Omaha community lessons, the standard Macy orthography, and UNL orthography all under one cover.
1127290977
The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way: An Introduction to Omaha Language and Culture
The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way provides a comprehensive textbook for students, scholars, and laypersons to learn to speak and understand the language of the Omaha Nation. Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Vida Woodhull Stabler, Aubrey Streit Krug, Loren Frerichs, and Rory Larson have collaborated with elder speakers, including Alberta Grant Canby, Emmaline Walker Sanchez, Marcella Woodhull Cavou, and Donna Morris Parker, to write this book.

The original and creative pedagogical method used in this textbook—teaching the Omaha language through Omaha culture—consists of a structured series of lesson plans. It is the result of a generous collaboration between the Department of Anthropology at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center at Umóⁿhoⁿ Nation Public School in Macy, Nebraska. The method draws on the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of Awakuni-Swetland to illustrate the Omaha values of balance and integration. The contents are shaped into two parts, each of which complements the other—just as the Earth and Sky do.  

This textbook features an introduction by Awakuni-Swetland on the history and phonology of the Omaha language; lessons from the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center at Macy, with a writing system quick sheet; situation quick sheets; lessons on games; lessons on spring, summer, fall, and winter; an Omaha language resource list; and a glossary in the standard Macy orthography of the Omaha language. The textbook also includes cultural lessons in the language by Awakuni-Swetland and lessons from the Omaha language class at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way offers a linguistic foundation for tribal members, students, scholars, and laypersons, featuring Omaha community lessons, the standard Macy orthography, and UNL orthography all under one cover.
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The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way: An Introduction to Omaha Language and Culture

The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way: An Introduction to Omaha Language and Culture

by Mark Awakuni-Swetland (Editor)
The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way: An Introduction to Omaha Language and Culture

The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way: An Introduction to Omaha Language and Culture

by Mark Awakuni-Swetland (Editor)

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Overview

The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way provides a comprehensive textbook for students, scholars, and laypersons to learn to speak and understand the language of the Omaha Nation. Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Vida Woodhull Stabler, Aubrey Streit Krug, Loren Frerichs, and Rory Larson have collaborated with elder speakers, including Alberta Grant Canby, Emmaline Walker Sanchez, Marcella Woodhull Cavou, and Donna Morris Parker, to write this book.

The original and creative pedagogical method used in this textbook—teaching the Omaha language through Omaha culture—consists of a structured series of lesson plans. It is the result of a generous collaboration between the Department of Anthropology at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center at Umóⁿhoⁿ Nation Public School in Macy, Nebraska. The method draws on the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of Awakuni-Swetland to illustrate the Omaha values of balance and integration. The contents are shaped into two parts, each of which complements the other—just as the Earth and Sky do.  

This textbook features an introduction by Awakuni-Swetland on the history and phonology of the Omaha language; lessons from the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center at Macy, with a writing system quick sheet; situation quick sheets; lessons on games; lessons on spring, summer, fall, and winter; an Omaha language resource list; and a glossary in the standard Macy orthography of the Omaha language. The textbook also includes cultural lessons in the language by Awakuni-Swetland and lessons from the Omaha language class at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

The Omaha Language and the Omaha Way offers a linguistic foundation for tribal members, students, scholars, and laypersons, featuring Omaha community lessons, the standard Macy orthography, and UNL orthography all under one cover.

Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781496200440
Publisher: Nebraska
Publication date: 08/01/2018
Edition description: Bilingual
Pages: 736
Product dimensions: 8.50(w) x 11.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Mark Awakuni-Swetland (1956–2015) was an associate professor of anthropology and ethnic studies at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, principal co-investigator for the Omaha and Ponca Digital Dictionary, and a coordinator for the Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project. He is the author of Dance Lodges of the Omaha People: Building from Memory (Nebraska, 2008) and the editor of the Omaha and Ponca Digital Dictionary.
 

Table of Contents

Preface                                                                                                                    

Guide for Readers                                                                                                                    

Contributors: Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center, Umóⁿhoⁿ Nation Public School, and Omaha Language Instruction Team, University of Nebraska–Lincoln                                                                                                                    

Illustrators                                                                                                               

Introduction by Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Wagōⁿze Ūthix̣ide                                                                                                                  

Part 1. Lessons from the Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center, Umóⁿhoⁿ Nation Public School, Macy, Nebraska

1. Beginning Resources                                                                                                         

1.1 Writing System Quick Sheet: Umóⁿhoⁿ Íye-tʰe Áwatʰegoⁿ Baxú-Noⁿ                                                                                                                           

1.2 Articles                                                                                                        

1.3 Elders’ Verb Patterns                                                                                                       

2. Situation Quick Sheets                                                                                                                      

2.1 Guide to Using Quick Sheets: Wagthábaze Úmakʰa                                                                                                        

2.2 Animal Characteristics: Waníta Úshkoⁿ                                                                                                         

2.3 Animal Drawing: Waníta Gthíxu-a/ga                                                                                                              

2.4 Animal Names: Waníta Izházhe Etái-ge                                                                                                                 

2.5 Birthday Celebration Phrases                                                                                                        

2.6 Classroom Phrases for Action Verbs                                                                                                           

2.7 Classroom Phrases for Asking and Talking: Wémoⁿxe tʰe, Íye Uthá                                                                                                             

2.8 Classroom Phrases for Beginning of Class                                                                                                            

2.9 Classroom Phrases for Ending/Leaving: Aíathai-ki Uthá                                                                                                             

2.10 Classroom Phrases for Places and Movement                                                                                                   

2.11 Classroom Phrases for Praise and Caring: Óⁿxtiwathe, Wathánoⁿbe, Wákʰihide Uth&aaute;                                                                                                             

2.12 Classroom Phrases for Teaching: Wégoⁿze-doⁿ Uthá                                                                                                             

2.13 Clothing and Weather: Háthe-tʰe Óⁿba-akʰa-shti                                                                                                               

2.14 Coffee Phrases: Moⁿkóⁿsabe Uthá                                                                                                             

2.15 Coffee Script: Moⁿkóⁿsabe Uthá Ukíkʰia                                                                                                        

2.16 Colors: Úgaxe Ázhi-thoⁿthoⁿ                                                                                                        

2.17 Days of the Week                                                                                                           

2.18 Doings Phrases: Úzhawa Íye                                                                                                                

2.19 Doings Cultural Note                                                                                                             

2.20 Door-Answering Phrases for See You Later, Greetings                                                                                                     

2.21 Five Senses: Wíubesni Sátoⁿ                                                                                                            

2.22 Baking a Cake: Wamóⁿske Skíthe Oⁿgúhoⁿi-tʰe                                                                                                                

2.23 Praying Over Food: Oⁿwóⁿhoⁿ’a                                                                                                  

2.24 Sitting Around the Table: Wáthatʰe Uthíshoⁿ Oⁿgthíⁿ                                                                                                         

2.25 Four Directions/Points of a Compass                                                                                                      

2.26 Four Seasons                                                                                                        

2.27 Handgame Greetings: Íⁿ’utʰiⁿ Thatʰí                                                                                                           

2.28 Handgame Setup and Instruments                                                                                                 

2.29 Handgame Encouragements and Gameplay                                                                                                    

2.30 Handgame Gameplay Phrases: Íⁿ’utʰiⁿ Shkáde-kʰe Uthá                                                                                                             

2.31 Handgame Q&A                                                                                                            

2.32 Handgame Worksheet 1                                                                                                                   

2.33 Handgame Worksheet 2                                                                                                                   

2.34 Handgame Flyer                                                                                                            

2.35 Handwashing: Noⁿbé Kigthízha-tʰe                                                                                                                

2.36 Household Objects: Iⁿdádoⁿ-shte Tí-adi-ge                                                                                                                 

2.37 Inviting and Visiting: Wéku Tiúpe Éthoⁿba                                                                                                        

2.38 In the Kitchen: Úhoⁿ Tí-adi                                                                                                                

2.39 Money: Móⁿzeska                                                                                                     

2.40 Months of the Umóⁿhoⁿ Calendar Year: Mí-kʰe                                                                                                                

2.41 Numbers: Watháwa                                                                                                     

2.42 Opposites                                                                                                    

2.43 Outside and Play: Áshi Shkáde Thé-Wathe                                                                                                          

2.44 Relationship Terms: Éawathe                                                                                                       

2.45 Restroom Phrases: Tí Zhiⁿga Uthá                                                                                                             

2.46 Telephone Phrases: Móⁿze Íutha Uthá                                                                                                             

2.47 Time (Telling Time from the Clock): Miídoⁿbe Ánoⁿ-a?                                                                                                                     

2.48 Time (Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow): Sidádi Óⁿbathe Gasóⁿthiⁿ                                                                                                      

2.49 Time of Day                                                                                                              

2.50 Umóⁿhoⁿ Language Pledge: Wóⁿgithe Oⁿthípʰi                                                                                                        

2.51 Wellness Actions and the Four Hills of Life Wellness Center: Niyé Thiⁿgé Tí-adi Wágazhi, Pahé Dúba Níta Moⁿthíⁿ                                                                                                        

3. Games: Úshkade                                                                                                                   

3.1 Games How-To                                                                                                                

3.2 Card Game Play Phrases: Wathíbaba Íshkade Uthá                                                                                                             

3.3 Boardgame Play Phrases: Zhoⁿbtháska Áshkade Uthá                                                                                                             

3.4 Ballgame Play Phrases: Tabé Íshkade Uthá                                                                                                             

3.5 Go Fish Phrases: Hugási Moⁿthiⁿ-a/ga Uthá                                                                                                             

3.6 An Umóⁿhoⁿ Card Game: Tóⁿkawe                                                                                                       

3.7 Real Estate Boardgame Phrases                                                                                                        

3.8 Grandma Says: Thikóⁿ Áthigazhi                                                                                                     

3.9 Natural Body Action/Total Physical Response                                                                                                     

3.10 I’m Sorry: Uthúama                                                                                                      

3.11 Pokeno Phrases: Pokeno Uthá                                                                                                             

3.12 You’re in Trouble Phrases: Píazhi Shkáxe Uthá                                                                                                             

3.13 It Will Fall Phrases: Uxpáthe-taakʰa Uthá                                                                                                             

3.14 Twist and Bend Your Body: Zhú Thibéni                                                                                                        

3.15 Blackjack Phrases: Gthéboⁿ Noⁿbá Kʰi Édi Wiⁿóⁿxchi Uthá                                                                                                             

3.16 Darts Phrases: Móⁿdehi Óⁿtha Thétha/ga Uthá                                                                                                             

3.17 Badminton/Racquetball: Wazhíⁿga Zhiⁿga Utʰíⁿ-a/ga                                                                                                              

3.18 Jump Rope and Tug-of-War Phrases: Házhiⁿga U’óⁿsisi, Házhiⁿga Thidóⁿ Uthá

4. Summer: Nugé Moⁿshté                                                                                                                   

4.1 “Taps” Song and Memorial Day                                                                                                              

4.2 Names of Months                                                                                                        

4.3 Milkweed and Berries: Waxthá Waxtá Skíthe Éthoⁿba                                                                                                        

4.4 Nature Walk Lesson Plan                                                                                                             

4.5 Umóⁿhoⁿ Language and Culture Center Mission Statement                                                                                                    

4.6 High School Umóⁿhoⁿ Íye 1, 2, and 3 Scope and Sequence                                                                                                     

4.7 First Days of School and Basic Self-Introductions                                                                                               

4.8 Self-Introduction Basic Curriculum: Ebé Bthíⁿ-tʰe Uwíbtha-tamiⁿkʰe                                                                                                       

4.9 Clothing and Weather: Háthe, Moⁿshté                                                                                                       

4.10 Umóⁿhoⁿ Flag Song                                                                                                            

4.11 Húthuga: Wayne Tyndall-akʰa Húthuga Uthái-tʰe                                                                                                                

4.12 Harvest Celebration: Hédewachʰi/Hethúshka                                                                               

4.13 Harvest Celebration Phrases: Hédewachʰi/Hethúshka Uthá                                                                                                             

4.14 Umóⁿhoⁿ Regalia, Men’s and Women’s: Nú Wáthaha, Wa’ú Wáthaha                                                                                                      

4.15 Sewing Phrases: Wabátʰe Uthá                                                                                                             

4.16 The First Umóⁿhoⁿ Powwow Princess: Míⁿdashoⁿthiⁿ (Gerine Woodhull Davidson)                                                                                                    

4.17 Zoo: Waníta Tí-ata Thé-Wathe                                                                                                          

4.18 Grocery Shopping: Pahóⁿga Úthiwiⁿ Tí-ata Oⁿgáthai-tʰe                                                                                                                

4.19 Sweet Drinks: Nískithe                                                                                                       

4.20 Banana Splits: Waxtáthiguzhe Másne                                                                                                          

4.21 Funerary Sayings: Wat’é-kʰe Wagíxe-tʰe-shti Uthá                                                                                                             

4.22 Grief in Our Umóⁿhoⁿ Community: Útiha                                                                                                            

5. Fall: Toⁿgáxthoⁿ                                                                                                               

5.1 Names of Months                                                                                                        

5.2 Cheers for the Chiefs: Níkagahi Moⁿthíⁿi-a/ga                                                                                                             

5.3 Fall Phrases: Toⁿgáxthoⁿ Uthá                                                                                                             

5.4 Justin McCauley’s Cougar Story: Justin-akʰa Waníta Dóⁿbai-tʰe Ugthá Góⁿtha                                                                                                          

5.5 Homecoming Float                                                                                                            

5.6 Candy Action: Zhoⁿní Thatʰé-Wathe                                                                                                          

5.7 Tribal Council Phrases: Gahíye Uthá                                                                                                             

5.8 Halloween Phrases                                                                                                        

5.9 Halloween Silly Questions and Answers                                                                                                       

5.10 Halloween Drawing Scene                                                                                                           

5.11 Pin the Bone on the Skeleton Game                                                                                                           

5.12 Flag Pledge                                                                                                          

5.13 Corn Removal, Student Worksheet                                                                                                   

5.14 Corn Removal, Teacher Handout                                                                                                       

5.15 Coloring Activity for Food o’ Plenty: Tehéxthu’a                                                                                                  

5.16 Thanksgiving Day Foods: Wathátʰe Toⁿga Óⁿbathe                                                                                                        

5.17 Set the Food Out: Wathátʰe-tʰe Áwa-ta Itʰéathe-a?                                                                                                                     

5.18 Thanksgiving Color Sheet Phrases: Wagthábaze Ugá                                                                                                              

5.19 Thanksgiving Day Verbs, “I Like” and “I Don’t Like”: Xtáathe, Xtháatha-mazhi                                                                                                          

5.20 Thanksgiving Bingo, Today Is Turkey Day: Zizíka Óⁿbathe                                                                                                        

5.21 Thanksgiving Fill-in-the-Blanks Handout                                                                                                       

5.22 Birds Go South                                                                                                           

6. Winter: Mágashude                                                                                                              

6.1 Names of Months                                                                                                        

6.2 Clothing and Weather: Háthe, Usní                                                                                                             

6.3 Self-Introductions: Additional Phrases and Tisha Webster’s Example                                                                                                      

6.4 Basketball Phrases: Tabé Ugásnoⁿ Shkádai-tʰe Úwatha                                                                                                        

6.5 Ceremonial Ball Toss: Tabé Óⁿtha Thétha                                                                                                         

6.6 Globe Toss Game: Áwa-kʰe-ta Né-a?                                                                                                                     

6.7 Conjugation Activity: “Múzhoⁿ Thishtóⁿ”                                                                                                                      

6.8 Walnut and Corn Mush Story: Táge Washóⁿge Íutha                                                                                                            

6.9 “Deck the Halls”: Wíuga Nákoⁿ Tʰigthágtha                                                                                                  

6.10 What Did Ned Eat?: Ned Iⁿdádoⁿ Thatʰé-a?                                                                                                                     

7. Spring: Mépahoⁿga                                                                                                              

7.1 Names of Months                                                                                                        

7.2 First Thunder: Lawrence Cook-akʰa Mépahoⁿga Uthái-tʰe                                                                                                                

7.3 Rainstick Activity with Weather Terms                                                                                                          

7.4 Spring Tree Ornaments                                                                                                   

7.5 Easter Phrases                                                                                                        

7.6 Dyeing Easter Eggs                                                                                                             

7.7 Hunting Eggs: Wéta Íthathe-a?                                                                                                                     

7.8 Egg Salad Sandwiches/Deviled Eggs: Wéta Wamóⁿska Ubískabe/Wéta Uzí Ígahi

7.9 Mushroom Search: Teníxa Ugthézhe Oⁿgúnai-tʰe                                                                                                                

7.10 Mushroom Worksheet and Games 1                                                                                                                   

7.11 Mushroom Worksheet and Games 2                                                                                                                   

7.12 Fried Mushrooms: Teníxa Ugthézhe Zhézhi                                                                                                         

7.13 How the Umóⁿhoⁿ Got the Corn: Té-akʰa Umóⁿhoⁿ-ma Wahába-tʰe Wa’í-biama

7.14 Put Up the Tipi: Timóⁿgthe                                                                                                    

7.15 Kickball: Tabé Noⁿtʰá                                                                                                          

7.16 Earth Day/Mother Earth: Íⁿnoⁿha Tóⁿde                                                                                                           

7.17 Standing Bear Speech: Maⁿchʰú Nazhiⁿ Íya-biama                                                                                                           

7.18 Mother’s Day Phrases: Ihóⁿ Óⁿba Íye-ge                                                                                                                 

7.19 Flower Pots and Flower Planting: Waxchá Úzhi                                                                                                             

7.20 Dining-Out Script                                                                                                           

7.21 What Will You Do in the Summer?: Moⁿshté-ki Iⁿdádoⁿ Shkáxe-taniⁿkshe?                                                                                                                     

7.22 Graduation Phrases                                                                                                        

8. Additional Resources                                                                                                                

8.1 Writing System Extension, How It Is Written in Umóⁿhoⁿ: Umóⁿhoⁿ Íye-tʰe Áwatʰegoⁿ Baxú-Noⁿ                                                                                                               

8.2 Umóⁿhoⁿ Resource List                                                                                                              

8.3 ulcc Glossary in Macy Standard Orthography: Umóⁿhoⁿ to English                                                                                                        

8.4 ulcc Glossary in Macy Standard Orthography: English to Umóⁿhoⁿ 

Part 2: Lessons from the Omaha Language Class at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln

9. Cultural Lessons by Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Wagōⁿze Ūthix̣ide                                                                                                                  

9.1 What Is Culture? What Is Language?                                                                                                                     

9.2 First Catch, First Fruits                                                                                                           

9.3 How to Ask Someone for Help                                                                                                             

9.4 Knife and Fire                                                                                                              

9.5 The Spirit World                                                                                                          

9.6 Food and the Spirits                                                                                                          

9.7 Arriving at and Leaving an Umóⁿhoⁿ Campsite                                                                                                     

9.8 First Thunders                                                                                                     

9.9 The Four Hills of Life                                                                                                              

9.10 Generosity and Gift Giving                                                                                                         

9.11 Carrying Dishes to a Feast                                                                                                            

9.12 Storytelling                                                                                                 

9.13 The Omaha Handgame: Íⁿˀutʰíⁿ, “Strike the Stone”                                                                                                          

10. Introduction and Phonology                                                                                                               

10.1 Welcome                                                                                                     

10.2 Siouan Languages                                                                                                   

10.3 Omaha Sounds: Oral Vowels and h                                                                                                                   

10.4 Omaha Sounds: Nasals                                                                                                          

10.5 Omaha Sounds: Stops                                                                                                            

10.6 Omaha Sounds: Fricatives                                                                                                    

10.7 Omaha Sounds: Affricates                                                                                                    

10.8 Omaha Sounds: Semivowels and Ledh                                                                                                            

10.9 Omaha Sounds: Glottals                                                                                                        

10.10 Consonant Clusters                                                                                                       

10.11 Vowel Length and Accent                                                                                                         

11. Expressions and Word Order                                                                                                                       

11.1 Nouns: “Who” and “What”                                                                                                        

11.2 Verbs: What Is Someone Doing?                                                                                                                     

11.3 Adjectives: Stative Verbs                                                                                                           

11.4 Numbers: “How Many”                                                                                                         

11.5 Unitary Utterances                                                                                                   

11.6 Useful Omaha Expressions                                                                                                 

11.7 Noun-Noun Word Order                                                                                                           

11.8 Noun–Stative Verb Word Order                                                                                                           

11.9 Noun–Active Verb Word Order                                                                                                           

11.10 Verb Chaining                                                                                                      

12. Demands and Ablaut                                                                                                                      

12.1 Commands: The Particles a and ga                                                                                                                 

12.2 Commands: Ablaut                                                                                                          

12.3 Plural Commands: i and Ablaut                                                                                                          

12.4 Questions: a with No Ablaut                                                                                                          

12.5 Third-Person Statement of Action: Ablaut for Declaration                                                                                                  

12.6 Negation: Ablaut before “Not”                                                                                                           

12.7 The Potential Particle tte                                                                                                                

12.8 The Hearsay Particle Set bi ama                                                                                                              

12.9 Signaling Demand in English and Omaha                                                                                                         

13. Verb Conjugation                                                                                                             

13.1 Affixed Pronouns: I and You Common Forms                                                                                                          

13.2 Affixed Pronouns: I and You for Ledh Verbs                                                                                                           

13.3 Affixed Pronouns: I and You for Verbs Beginning with Simple Stops                                                                                                            

13.4 Affixed Pronouns: I and You for Verbs Beginning with Simple Stop g-                                                                                                                     

13.5 Affixed Pronouns: I and You for Old Glottal Stop Verbs and “say”                                                                                                            

13.6 Affixed Pronouns: We                                                                                                               

13.7 Person and Number of the Subject                                                                                                        

13.8 Person and Number: Negation                                                                                                      

13.9 Patient-Affixed Pronouns                                                                                                     

13.10 Patient-Affixed Pronouns for ā-, í, and u- Verbs                                                                                                           

13.11 Agent-to-Patient Affixed Pronoun Combinations                                                                                              

13.12 Subject-Affixed Pronouns for Stative Verbs                                                                                                           

14. Pronouns and Positionals                                                                                                               

14.1 Inanimate Positionals                                                                                                   

14.2 Active Subject Positionals                                                                                                   

14.3 Animate Positionals                                                                                                   

14.4 Articles                                                                                                        

14.5 Future                                                                                                          

14.6 Demonstratives: This and That                                                                                                             

14.7 Demonstrative Pronouns                                                                                                     

14.8 Emphatic Pronouns                                                                                                     

14.9 Possessive Pronouns                                                                                                     

15. Location, Motion, and Continuity                                                                                                               

15.1 Postpositions                                                                                               

15.2 Positionals and Postpositions                                                                                               

15.3 Location Nouns and Adverbs                                                                                                       

15.4 Verbs of Motion                                                                                                         

15.5 Verbs of Motion with the a- Prefix                                                                                                           

15.6 Return Verbs of Motion                                                                                                         

15.7 Conjugating Verbs of Motion                                                                                                         

15.8 Verb Chaining and Continuatives                                                                                              

15.9 Positionals as Continuatives                                                                                              

15.10 Declaration of Existence Using Positionals                                                                                                   

16. Kinship and Causative Constructions                                                                                                          

16.1 Grandparents and Grandchildren                                                                                             

16.2 Parents and Children                                                                                                      

16.3 Siblings                                                                                                       

16.4 Uncles and Aunts, Nieces and Nephews                                                                                                      

16.5 Spouses and In-Laws                                                                                                            

16.6 Causatives: The Basic Construction with -the                                                                                                                

16.7 Conjugation of the Causative                                                                                                     

16.8 The Dative Causative: -kʰithe                                                                                                           

16.9 The Causative of Potentiality: -wathe                                                                                                           

16.10 Causatives and Kinship                                                                                                        

17. Instrumental Prefixes                                                                                                                   

17.1 thi- “by hand”                                                                                                           

17.2 tha- “by mouth”                                                                                                        

17.3 noⁿ- “by foot”                                                                                                            

17.4 ba- “by pushing”                                                                                                      

17.5 bi- “by pressure” or “by blowing”                                                                                                      

17.6 ga- “by force”                                                                                                          

17.7 nā- “by fire”                                                                                                             

17.8 mā- “by cutting”                                                                                                       

17.9 mū- “by shooting”                                                                                                     

18. Locative Prefixes and wa-                                                                                                                                 

18.1 The wa- Prefix                                                                                                           

18.2 The ī- Prefix                                                                                                           

18.3 The Locative u- Prefix                                                                                                           

18.4 Conjugation of Locative u- Verbs                                                                                                           

18.5 The Locative ā- Prefix                                                                                                           

18.6 Conjugation of Locative ā- Verbs                                                                                                           

18.7 The Transitivizing í- Prefix                                                                                                           

18.8 Conjugation of Transitivizing í- Verbs                                                                                                           

18.9 Combinations of Applicative ī and í- with Locative u- and ā- Prefixes                                                                                                       

18.10 Combination of wa- with Locative u- and ā-, and ī-, and í- Verbs                                                                                                           

19. Self Affixes and Datives                                                                                                                    

19.1 The Possessive gi- Prefix                                                                                                           

19.2 The Suus gi- Prefix                                                                                                           

19.3 The Reflexive kki- Prefix                                                                                                           

19.4 The Victimized kke- Prefix and Evidential tʰe                                                                                                                

19.5 The Dative gi̅- and -ī-                                                                                                                     

19.6 Conjugation of the Dative                                                                                                          

20. Answer Keys                                                                                                                        

21. unl Glossary in unl Orthography                                                                                                            

21.1 Umóⁿhoⁿ Orthography                                                                                                

21.2 Umóⁿhoⁿ Alphabet                                                                                                      

21.3 Glossary: Umóⁿhoⁿ to English                                                                                                        

21.4 Glossary: English to Umóⁿhoⁿ                                                                                                                  

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