Information Representation and Retrieval in the Digital Age, Second Edition / Edition 3

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ISBN-10:: 1573873934
ISBN-13:: 9781573873932
Pub. Date:: 01/28/2010
Publisher:: Information Today, Incorporated

ISBN-10:: 1573873934
ISBN-13:: 9781573873932
Pub. Date:: 01/28/2010
Publisher:: Information Today, Incorporated

Information Representation and Retrieval in the Digital Age, Second Edition / Edition 3

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Overview

Orienting his work towards system users rather than designers, Chu (College of Information and Computer Science at Long Island U.) describes the basics of information representation and retrieval systems. After describing natural language and controlled vocabulary, he looks at retrieval techniques, approaches, and models in separate chapters. Major types of retrieval systems are reviewed (including Internet retrieval) and discussion of multilingual, multimedia, and hyper-structured information is included. After a discussion of evaluation measures and methodology, the final chapter looks at the role of artificial intelligence. Annotation ©2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

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ISBN-13:	9781573873932
Publisher:	Information Today, Incorporated
Publication date:	01/28/2010
Pages:	312
Product dimensions:	6.10(w) x 9.00(h) x 0.90(d)

	Figures and Tables	xi
	Preface	xiii
Chapter 1	Information Representation and Retrieval: An Overview	1
1.1	History and Development of Information Representation and Retrieval	1
1.1.1	Major Stages	1
1.1.1.1	Increased Demand (1940s-early 1950s)	1
1.1.1.2	Rapid Growth (1950s-1980s)	2
1.1.1.3	Demystified Phase (1980s-1990s)	3
1.1.1.4	The Networked Era (1990s-present)	4
1.1.2	Pioneers of the Field	5
1.1.2.1	Mortimer Taube (1910-1965)	5
1.1.2.2	Hans Peter Luhn (1896-1964)	7
1.1.2.3	Calvin N. Mooers (1919-1994)	10
1.1.2.4	Gerard Salton (1927-1995)	11
1.2	Elaboration on Key Concepts	12
1.2.1	Information	12
1.2.2	Information Representation	13
1.2.3	Information Retrieval	13
1.2.4	Digital Age	14
1.3	Major Components	14
1.3.1	The Database	15
1.3.2	The Search Mechanism	15
1.3.3	The Language	16
1.3.4	The Interface	17
1.4	The Essential Problem in Information Representation and Retrieval	17
1.4.1	The Process of Information Representation and Retrieval	18
1.4.2	The Limits of Information Representation and Retrieval	19
	References	20
Chapter 2	Information Representation I: Basic Approaches	25
2.1	Indexing	25
2.1.1	Types of Indexing	26
2.1.2	Automated and Automatic Indexing	26
2.1.3	Indexing in the Hyperstructure Environment	27
2.2	Categorization	28
2.2.1	Types of Categorization	28
2.2.2	Principles of Categorization	28
2.2.3	The Convergence of the Two Categorization Approaches	29
2.3	Summarization	29
2.3.1	Types of Summarization	30
2.3.1.1	Abstracts	30
2.3.1.2	Summaries	30
2.3.1.3	Extracts	31
2.3.2	The Issue of Representativeness	31
2.4	Other Methods of Information Representation	31
2.4.1	Citations	32
2.4.2	Strings	33
2.5	A Review of Basic Approaches to Information Representation	33
	References	34
Chapter 3	Information Representation II: Other Related Topics	37
3.1	Metadata	37
3.1.1	What Is Metadata?	37
3.1.2	Characteristics of Digital Information on the Net	38
3.1.3	Examples of Metadata Standards	38
3.1.3.1	Dublin Core (DC)	38
3.1.3.2	Resource Description Framework (RDF)	39
3.1.4	Some Questions and Concerns about Metadata	40
3.2	Full Text	41
3.2.1	Representation of Full-Text Information	41
3.2.2	Difficulties in Representing Full Text	41
3.3	Representation of Multimedia Information	42
3.3.1	Types of Multimedia Information	42
3.3.2	Two Major Representation Approaches	42
3.3.3	Challenges in Representing Multimedia	44
3.4	Further Elaboration on Information Representation	45
	References	46
Chapter 4	Language in Information Representation and Retrieval	47
4.1	Natural Language	47
4.2	Controlled Vocabulary	48
4.2.1	Thesauri	48
4.2.2	Subject Heading Lists	49
4.2.3	Classification Schemes	50
4.2.4	A Comparison of Thesauri, Subject Heading Lists, and Classification Schemes	50
4.3	Natural Language vs. Controlled Vocabulary	51
4.3.1	Different Eras of IRR Languages	52
4.3.2	Why Natural Language or Why Controlled Vocabulary?	52
4.3.2.1	The Synonym Issue	53
4.3.2.2	The Homograph Issue	53
4.3.2.3	The Syntax Issue	53
4.3.2.4	The Accuracy Issue	54
4.3.2.5	The Updating Issue	54
4.3.2.6	The Cost Issue	54
4.3.2.7	The Compatibility Issue	55
4.4	Language for IRR in the Digital Age	55
	References	57
Chapter 5	Retrieval Techniques and Query Representation	59
5.1	Retrieval Techniques	59
5.1.1	Basic Retrieval Techniques	59
5.1.1.1	Boolean Searching	59
5.1.1.2	Case Sensitive Searching	61
5.1.1.3	Truncation	61
5.1.1.4	Proximity Searching	62
5.1.1.5	Field Searching	63
5.1.2	Advanced Retrieval Techniques	64
5.1.2.1	Fuzzy Searching	64
5.1.2.2	Weighted Searching	65
5.1.2.3	Query Expansion	67
5.1.2.4	Multiple Database Searching	68
5.2	Selection of Retrieval Techniques	69
5.2.1	Functions of Retrieval Techniques	69
5.2.2	Retrieval Performance	70
5.2.2.1	Retrieval Techniques for Improving Precision	70
5.2.2.2	Retrieval Techniques for Improving Recall	72
5.3	Query Representation	73
5.3.1	General Steps	73
5.3.1.1	Concept Analysis	74
5.3.1.2	Term Variations	74
5.3.1.3	Term Conversion	75
5.3.1.4	Application of Boolean Operators	76
5.3.1.5	Use of Other Retrieval Techniques	77
5.3.2	Difficulties with Query Representation	78
5.3.3	The Automatic Approach	79
	References	80
Chapter 6	Retrieval Approaches	81
6.1	Retrieval by Searching	82
6.1.1	Characteristics of Searching	82
6.1.2	Types of Searching	82
6.1.3	Search Strategies	84
6.1.3.1	The Building Block Approach	84
6.1.3.2	The Snowballing Approach	84
6.1.3.3	The Successive Fraction Approach	85
6.1.3.4	The Most Specific Facet First Approach	86
6.1.3.5	Toward a "Quick/Convenient" Approach	86
6.2	Retrieval by Browsing	87
6.2.1	What Is Browsing?	87
6.2.2	Types of Browsing	88
6.2.3	Browsing Strategies	90
6.3	Searching and Browsing Integrated in Retrieval	91
6.3.1	Comparison of the Two Retrieval Approaches	91
6.3.1.1	Information Need	91
6.3.1.2	Efficiency and Potential for Improvement	92
6.3.1.3	Cognitive Load	92
6.3.1.4	Serendipity	92
6.3.1.5	Efforts	92
6.3.2	The Integrated Approach	93
	Endnote	94
	References	94
Chapter 7	Information Retrieval Models	97
7.1	Foundation of All IR Models: Matching	97
7.1.1	Term Matching	97
7.1.2	Similarity Measurement Matching	98
7.2	The Boolean Logic Model	99
7.2.1	Strengths of the Boolean Logic Model	99
7.2.2	Limitations of the Boolean Logic Model	100
7.3	Vector Space Model	102
7.3.1	Strengths of the Vector Space Model	103
7.3.2	Limitations of the Vector Space Model	104
7.4	Probability Model	106
7.4.1	Strengths of the Probability Model	107
7.4.2	Limitations of the Probability Model	108
7.5	Extensions of Major IR Models	108
7.5.1	Extended Boolean Logic Model	109
7.5.2	Fuzzy Set Model	109
7.6	IR Models: A Further Look	111
7.6.1	A Review of the Major IR Models	111
7.6.2	IR Models vs. Retrieval Techniques	112
7.6.3	Toward Multimodel IR Systems	113
	References	113
Chapter 8	Information Retrieval Systems	117
8.1	Online Systems--Pioneer IR Systems	117
8.1.1	Features of Online IR Systems	117
8.1.2	Online Systems and Information Retrieval	118
8.2	CD-ROM Systems--A New Medium for IR Systems	119
8.2.1	Features of CD-ROM Systems	119
8.2.2	CD-ROM Systems and Information Retrieval	120
8.3	OPACs--Computerized Library Catalogs as IR Systems	121
8.3.1	Features of OPACs	122
8.3.2	OPACs and Information Retrieval	123
8.4	Internet Retrieval Systems--The Newest Member in the Family of IR Systems	123
8.4.1	Taxonomy of Internet Retrieval Systems	124
8.4.1.1	By Retrieval Approach	124
8.4.1.2	By Application	125
8.4.1.3	By Content	127
8.4.2	Features of Internet Retrieval Systems	128
8.4.2.1	Coverage and Source Information	128
8.4.2.2	Indexing Mechanism	129
8.4.2.3	Searching Facilities	130
8.4.2.4	Ranking Techniques	133
8.4.2.5	Search Modification	134
8.4.2.6	Interface	135
8.4.3	Generations of Internet Retrieval Systems	136
8.4.4	Internet Retrieval Systems and Information Retrieval	138
8.5	Convergence of Various IR Systems	139
	References	140
Chapter 9	Retrieval of Information Unique in Content or Format	145
9.1	Multilingual Information	145
9.1.1	Multilingual Information Retrieval in the Past	145
9.1.2	Multilingual Information Retrieval on the Internet	146
9.1.3	Research on Multilingual Information Retrieval	147
9.2	Multimedia Information	148
9.2.1	Still Image Retrieval	150
9.2.1.1	Description-Based Retrieval of Still Images	151
9.2.1.2	Content-Based Retrieval of Still Images	153
9.2.1.3	Integration of the Two Image Retrieval Approaches	154
9.2.2	Sound Retrieval	155
9.2.2.1	Description-Based Retrieval of Sound Information	156
9.2.2.2	Content-Based Retrieval of Sound Information	156
9.2.3	Moving Image Retrieval	158
9.2.4	Multimedia Retrieval on the Internet	159
9.3	Hypertext and Hypermedia Information	161
	References	162
Chapter 10	The User Dimension in Information Representation and Retrieval	167
10.1	Users and Their Information Needs	167
10.2	The Cognitive Model	169
10.2.1	Strengths of the Cognitive Model	170
10.2.2	Limitations of the Cognitive Model	170
10.3	User and System Interaction	171
10.3.1	Modes of User-System Interaction	171
10.3.1.1	Command Language	172
10.3.1.2	Menu Selection	172
10.3.1.3	Graphical Mode of Interaction	173
10.3.1.4	Other Modes of User-System Interaction	174
10.3.1.5	The Hybrid Mode of Interaction	175
10.3.2	Other Dimensions of User-System Interaction	175
10.3.2.1	Display Features	175
10.3.2.2	Output Options	177
10.3.2.3	Help Facilities	177
10.3.3	Evaluation of User-System Interaction	178
10.3.3.1	Time Needed for the User to Learn Specific IR Functions	178
10.3.3.2	Speed of Interaction	179
10.3.3.3	Rate of Errors by the User	179
10.3.3.4	Retention Over Time	179
10.3.3.5	The User's Satisfaction	179
10.4	The User and Information Retrieval in the Digital Age	180
	References	181
Chapter 11	Evaluation of Information Representation and Retrieval	185
11.1	Evaluation Measures for Information Representation and Retrieval	185
11.1.1	Evaluation Measures for Information Representation	185
11.1.1.1	Accuracy	186
11.1.1.2	Brevity	186
11.1.1.3	Consistency	186
11.1.1.4	Objectivity	187
11.1.1.5	Clarity, Readability, and Usability	187
11.1.2	Evaluation Measures for Information Retrieval	188
11.1.2.1	Recall and Precision	188
11.1.2.1.1	The Notion of Relevance	189
11.1.2.1.2	Determination of All the Relevant Documents in a System	190
11.1.2.1.3	Other Criticisms of Recall and Precision	191
11.1.2.1.4	Variations of Recall and Precision Measures	192
11.1.2.2	Fallout	194
11.1.2.3	Generality	194
11.1.2.4	Single Measures for IR Evaluation	194
11.1.2.5	Other Evaluation Measures for Information Retrieval	195
11.2	Evaluation Criteria for IR Systems	195
11.2.1	Evaluation Criteria for Online Systems	196
11.2.2	Evaluation Criteria for CD-ROM Systems	198
11.2.3	Evaluation Criteria for OPACs	200
11.2.4	Evaluation Criteria for Internet Retrieval Systems	202
11.3	Major Evaluation Projects for Information Representation and Retrieval	205
11.3.1	The Cranfield Tests	206
11.3.1.1	Cranfield I	206
11.3.1.1.1	Test Design	206
11.3.1.1.2	Test Findings	207
11.3.1.2	Cranfield II	209
11.3.1.2.1	Test Design	209
11.3.1.2.2	Test Findings	210
11.3.1.3	Problems with the Cranfield Tests	211
11.3.1.4	Significance of the Cranfield Tests Show More From the B&N Reads Blog Page 1 of Related Subjects Business Computers Business Technology Computers - General & Miscellaneous Information Systems Business Technology - Information Systems Information Storage and Retrieval Information retrieval Information systems Business Computers Business Technology Computers - General & Miscellaneous Information Systems Business Technology - Information Systems Information Storage and Retrieval Information retrieval Information systems Customer Reviews

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