Table of Contents

• Foreword by Carter Smith, Executive Director, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Overview and Introduction to Texas Mammals
  • Diversity of Land Mammals
  • Geographic Distribution of Land Mammals
  • Mammals of the Barrier Islands of Texas
  • Mammals in the Coastal Waters and Gulf of Mexico
  • Historical Changes in the Texas Mammal Fauna
  • Twentieth-Century Landscape and Land Use Changes in Texas: Impact on Wildlife Diversity
  • Impact of Climate Change
  • Conservation Strategies
  • History of Mammalogy in Texas
• Species Accounts For Texas Mammals
  • Instructions for Interpreting Distribution Maps
  • Key to the Major Groups (Orders) of Mammals in Texas
  • Order Didelphimorphia—Opossums and Allies
    • Family Didelphidae—Opossums
    • Didelphis virginiana, Virginia Opossum
  • Order Sirenia—Manatees and Allies
    • Family Trichechidae—Manatees
    • Trichechus manatus, West Indian Manatee
  • Order Cingulata—Armadillos and Allies
    • Family Dasypodidae—Armadillos
    • Dasypus novemcinctus, Nine-banded Armadillo
  • Order Primates—Primates
    • Family Cercopithecidae—Old World Monkeys
    • Macaca fuscata, Japanese Macaque*
  • Order Lagomorpha—Pikas, Hares, and Rabbits
    • Key to the Hares and Rabbits of Texas
    • Family Leporidae—Hares and Rabbits
    • Lepus californicus, Black-tailed Jackrabbit
    • Sylvilagus aquaticus, Swamp Rabbit
    • Sylvilagus audubonii, Desert Cottontail
    • Sylvilagus floridanus, Eastern Cottontail
    • Sylvilagus robustus, Davis Mountains Cottontail
  • Order Soricomorpha—Shrews and Moles
    • Key to the Shrews and Moles of Texas
    • Family Soricidae—Shrews
    • Blarina carolinensis, Southern Short-tailed Shrew
    • Blarina hylophaga, Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrew
    • Cryptotis parva, Least Shrew
    • Notiosorex crawfordi, Crawford’s Desert Shrew
    • Family Talpidae—Moles
    • Scalopus aquaticus, Eastern Mole
  • Order Chiroptera—Bats
    • Key to the Bats of Texas
    • Family Molossidae—Free-tailed Bats
    • Eumops perotis, Western Bonneted Bat
    • Nyctinomops femorosaccus, Pocketed Free-tailed Bat
    • Nyctinomops macrotis, Big Free-tailed Bat
    • Tadarida brasiliensis, Brazilian Free-tailed Bat
    • Family Mormoopidae—Leaf-chinned Bats
    • Mormoops megalophylla, Ghost-faced Bat
    • Family Phyllostomidae—New World Leaf-nosed Bats
    • Choeronycteris mexicana, Mexican Long-tongued Bat
    • Diphylla ecaudata, Hairy-legged Vampire Bat
    • Leptonycteris nivalis, Mexican Long-nosed Bat
    • Family Vespertilionidae—Vesper Bats
    • Aeorestes cinereus, Hoary Bat
    • Antrozous pallidus, Pallid Bat
    • Corynorhinus rafinesquii, Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat
    • Corynorhinus townsendii, Townsend’s Big-eared Bat
    • Dasypterus ega, Southern Yellow Bat
    • Dasypterus intermedius, Northern Yellow Bat
    • Dasypterus xanthinus, Western Yellow Bat
    • Eptesicus fuscus, Big Brown Bat
    • Euderma maculatum, Spotted Bat
    • Lasionycteris noctivagans, Silver-haired Bat
    • Lasiurus blossevillii, Western Red Bat
    • Lasiurus borealis, Eastern Red Bat
    • Lasiurus seminolus, Seminole Bat
    • Myotis austroriparius, Southeastern Myotis
    • Myotis californicus, California Myotis
    • Myotis ciliolabrum, Western Small-footed Myotis
    • Myotis occultus, Southwestern Little Brown Myotis
    • Myotis septentrionalis, Northern Long-eared Myotis
    • Myotis thysanodes, Fringed Myotis
    • Myotis velifer, Cave Myotis
    • Myotis volans, Long-legged Myotis
    • Myotis yumanensis, Yuma Myotis
    • Nycticeius humeralis, Evening Bat
    • Parastrellus hesperus, American Parastrelle
    • Perimyotis subflavus, American Perimyotis
  • Order Carnivora—Carnivores
    • Key to the Carnivores of Texas
    • Family Canidae—Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves
      • Canis latrans, Coyote
      • Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Common Gray Fox
      • Vulpes macrotis, Kit Fox
      • Vulpes velox, Swift Fox
    • Family Felidae—Cats
      • Leopardus pardalis, Ocelot
      • Lynx rufus, Bobcat
      • Puma concolor, Mountain Lion
      • Family Mephitidae—Skunks
      • Conepatus leuconotus, Hog-nosed Skunk
      • Mephitis macroura, Hooded Skunk
      • Mephitis mephitis, Striped Skunk
      • Spilogale gracilis, Western Spotted Skunk
      • Spilogale putorius, Eastern Spotted Skunk
    • Family Mustelidae—Weasels, Otters, and Badgers
      • Lontra canadensis, Northern River Otter
      • Mustela frenata, Long-tailed Weasel
      • Vison vison, American Mink
      • Taxidea taxus, American Badger
      • Family Procyonidae—Raccoons, Ringtails, and Coatis
      • Bassariscus astutus, Ringtail
      • Nasua narica, White-nosed Coati
      • Procyon lotor, Northern Raccoon
    • Family Ursidae—Bears
      • Ursus americanus, American Black Bear
      • Extinct Carnivora
      • Family Canidae—Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves
      • Canis lupus, Gray Wolf
      • Canis rufus, Red Wolf
    • Family Felidae—Cats
      • Leopardus wiedii, Margay
      • Panthera onca, Jaguar
      • Puma yagouaroundi, Jaguarundi
    • Family Mustelidae—Weasels, Otters, and Badgers
      • Mustela nigripes, Black-footed Ferret
    • Family Ursidae—Bears
      • Ursus arctos, Grizzly or Brown Bear
    • Family Phocidae—Earless Seals
      • Monachus tropicalis, Caribbean Monk Seal
    • Introduced Carnivora
      • Family Canidae—Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves
        • Vulpes vulpes, Red Fox*
      • Family Otariidae—Eared Seals
        • Zalophus californianus, California Sea Lion*
  • Order Artiodactyla—Even-toed Ungulates
    • Key to the Even-Toed Ungulates of Texas
    • Family Antilocapridae—Pronghorn
      • Antilocapra americana, Pronghorn
    • Family Bovidae—Cattle, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, and African Exotics
      • Bos bison, American Bison
      • Ovis canadensis, Bighorn Sheep
    • Family Cervidae—Deer and Allies
      • Cervus canadensis, Wapiti or Western Elk
      • Odocoileus hemionus, Mule Deer
      • Odocoileus virginianus, White-tailed Deer
    • Family Tayassuidae—Peccaries
      • Pecari tajacu, Collared Peccary
    • Introduced Artiodactyla
      • Family Bovidae—Cattle, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, and African Exotics
        • Ammotragus lervia, Barbary Sheep or Aoudad*
        • Antilope cervicapra, Blackbuck*
        • Boselaphus tragocamelus, Nilgai*
      • Family Cervidae—Deer and Allies
        • Axis axis, Axis Deer*
        • Cervus nippon, Sika*
        • Dama dama, Fallow Deer*
      • Family Suidae—Pigs
        • Sus scrofa, Feral Hog* (see also Domesticated Mammals)
      • Other Artiodactylids Introduced in Texas
        • Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Greater Kudu*
        • Eudorcas thomsonii, Eastern Thomson’s Gazelle*
        • Hippotragus niger, Sable Antelope*
        • Oryx dammah, Scimitar-horned Oryx*
        • Taurotragus oryx, Common Eland*
        • Cervus elaphus, Eastern Red Deer*
  • Order Cetacea—Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins
    • Key to the Whales and Dolphins of the Texas Coast
    • Suborder Mysticeti—Baleen Whales
      • Family Balaenidae—Right Whales
        • Eubalaena glacialis, North Atlantic Right Whale
      • Family Balaenopteridae—Rorquals or Baleen Whales
        • Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Common Minke Whale
        • Balaenoptera borealis, Sei Whale
        • Balaenoptera brydei, Bryde’s Whale
        • Balaenoptera musculus, Blue Whale
        • Balaenoptera physalus, Fin Whale
        • Megaptera novaeangliae, Humpback Whale
    • Suborder Odontoceti—Toothed Whales
      • Family Delphinidae—Toothed Whales and Dolphins
        • Feresa attenuata, Pygmy Killer Whale
        • Globicephala macrorhynchus, Short-finned Pilot Whale
        • Grampus griseus, Risso’s Dolphin
        • Lagenodelphis hosei, Fraser’s Dolphin
        • Orcinus orca, Killer Whale
        • Peponocephala electra, Melon-headed Whale
        • Pseudorca crassidens, False Killer Whale
        • Stenella attenuata, Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
        • Stenella clymene, Clymene Dolphin
        • Stenella coeruleoalba, Striped Dolphin
        • Stenella frontalis, Atlantic Spotted Dolphin
        • Stenella longirostris, Spinner Dolphin
        • Steno bredanensis, Rough-toothed Dolphin
        • Tursiops truncatus, Common Bottlenose Dolphin
      • Family Kogiidae—Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales
        • Kogia breviceps, Pygmy Sperm Whale
        • Kogia sima, Dwarf Sperm Whale
        • Family Physeteridae—Sperm Whale
        • Physeter macrocephalus, Sperm Whale
      • Family Ziphiidae—Beaked Whales
        • Mesoplodon densirostris, Blainville’s Beaked Whale
        • Mesoplodon europaeus, Gervais’s Beaked Whale
        • Ziphius cavirostris, Cuvier’s or Goose-beaked Whale
  • Order Rodentia—Rodents
    • Key to the Rodents of Texas
    • Family Castoridae—Beavers
      • Castor canadensis, American Beaver
    • Family Cricetidae—New World Mice, Rats, and Voles
      • Baiomys taylori, Northern Pygmy Mouse
      • Microtus mogollonensis, Mogollon Vole
      • Microtus ochrogaster, Prairie Vole
      • Microtus pinetorum, Woodland Vole
      • Neotoma floridana, Eastern Woodrat
      • Neotoma leucodon, White-toothed Woodrat
      • Neotoma mexicana, Mexican Woodrat
      • Neotoma micropus, Southern Plains Woodrat
      • Ochrotomys nuttalli, Golden Mouse
      • Ondatra zibethicus, Common Muskrat
      • Onychomys arenicola, Chihuahuan or Mearns’s Grasshopper Mouse
      • Onychomys leucogaster, Northern Grasshopper Mouse
      • Oryzomys couesi, Coues’s Rice Rat
      • Oryzomys texensis, Texas Marsh Rice Rat
      • Peromyscus attwateri, Texas Deermouse
      • Peromyscus boylii, Brush Deermouse
      • Peromyscus eremicus, Cactus Deermouse
      • Peromyscus gossypinus, Cotton Deermouse
      • Peromyscus laceianus, Lacey’s White-ankled Deermouse
      • Peromyscus leucopus, White-footed Deermouse
      • Peromyscus maniculatus, North American Deermouse
      • Peromyscus nasutus, Northern Rock Deermouse
      • Peromyscus truei, Piñon Deermouse
      • Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Fulvous Harvest Mouse
      • Reithrodontomys humulis, Eastern Harvest Mouse
      • Reithrodontomys megalotis, Western Harvest Mouse
      • Reithrodontomys montanus, Plains Harvest Mouse
      • Sigmodon fulviventer, Tawny-bellied Cotton Rat
      • Sigmodon hispidus, Hispid Cotton Rat
      • Sigmodon ochrognathus, Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat
    • Family Erethizontidae—New World Porcupines
      • Erethizon dorsatum, North American Porcupine
    • Family Geomyidae—Pocket Gophers
      • Cratogeomys castanops, Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys arenarius, Desert Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys attwateri, Attwater’s Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys breviceps, Baird’s Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys bursarius, Plains Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys jugossicularis, Hall’s Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys knoxjonesi, Jones’s Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys personatus, Texas Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys streckeri, Strecker’s Pocket Gopher
      • Geomys texensis, Llano Pocket Gopher
      • Thomomys bottae, Botta’s Pocket Gopher
    • Family Heteromyidae—Pocket Mice and Kangaroo Rats
      • Chaetodipus eremicus, Chihuahuan Desert Pocket Mouse
      • Chaetodipus hispidus, Hispid Pocket Mouse
      • Chaetodipus intermedius, Rock Pocket Mouse
      • Chaetodipus nelsoni, Nelson’s Pocket Mouse
      • Dipodomys compactus, Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat
      • Dipodomys elator, Texas Kangaroo Rat
      • Dipodomys merriami, Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat
      • Dipodomys ordii, Ord’s Kangaroo Rat
      • Dipodomys spectabilis, Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat
      • Liomys irroratus, Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse
      • Perognathus flavescens, Plains Pocket Mouse
      • Perognathus flavus, Silky Pocket Mouse
      • Perognathus merriami, Merriam’s Pocket Mouse
    • Family Sciuridae—Squirrels and Allies
      • Ammospermophilus interpres, Texas Antelope Squirrel
      • Cynomys ludovicianus, Black-tailed Prairie Dog
      • Glaucomys volans, Southern Flying Squirrel
      • Ictidomys parvidens, Rio Grande Ground Squirrel
      • Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel
      • Otospermophilus variegatus, Rock Squirrel
      • Sciurus carolinensis, Eastern Gray Squirrel
      • Sciurus niger, Eastern Fox Squirrel
      • Tamias canipes, Gray-footed Chipmunk
      • Xerospermophilus spilosoma, Spotted Ground Squirrel
    • Introduced Rodentia
      • Family Echimyidae—Spiny Rats and Nutria
        • Myocastor coypus, Nutria*
      • Family Muridae—Old World Mice and Rats
        • Mus musculus, House Mouse*
        • Rattus norvegicus, Norway or Brown Rat*
        • Rattus rattus, Black Rat*
      • Family Sciuridae—Squirrels and Allies
      • Marmota monax, Woodchuck*
  • Domesticated Mammals
    • Order Carnivora—Carnivores
      • Family Canidae—Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves
        • Canis familiaris, Domestic Dog*
      • Family Felidae—Cats
        • Felis catus, Domestic Cat*
    • Order Perissodactyla—Odd-toed Ungulates
      • Family Equidae—Feral Horses and Asses
        • Equus asinus, Feral Ass or Burro*
        • Equus caballus, Feral Horse*
        • Equus caballus x Equus asinus, Mule*
    • Order Artiodactyla—Even-toed Ungulates
      • Family Bovidae—Cattle, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, and African Exotics
        • Bos taurus, Domestic Cattle*
        • Capra hircus, Domestic Goat*
        • Ovis aries, Domestic Sheep*
      • Family Suidae—Pigs
        • Sus scrofa, Feral Hog*
• Appendix 1. The Measurement System
• Appendix 2. Observation and Collection of Mammals
• Appendix 3. Selected References on Mammals from Texas and Adjoining States
• Appendix 4. Scientific Names
• Appendix 5. Mammalian Species: Accounts Available for Texas Mammals
• Appendix 6. Standard Measurements of Study Specimens
• Appendix 7. Basis for Distribution of Species
• Glossary
• Index to Scientific and Common Names