Table of Contents

List of Tables     xi
Acknowledgments     xiii
Preface     xv
Introduction     xvii
Water Treatment Grade 1     1
Conversion Problems     1
Temperature Conversion Problems     5
Percent and Parts per Million Conversion Problems     6
Percent Calculations     7
Average Calculations     8
Area Problems     9
Circumference Problems     11
Volume Problems     12
Detention Time Calculations     15
Pressure Problems     16
Density Calculations     17
Specific Gravity of Liquids     20
Flow Problems     21
Calculations of Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual     22
Dosage Problems     22
Pounds Removal Problems     34
Pump Discharge Problems     35
Pumping Calculations     37
Flow Rate Problems     40
Weir Overflow Rate Problems     41
Surface Loading Rate Calculations     42
Filtration Rate Problems     43
Unit Filter Run Volume Determinations     44
Calculations for Wells     45
HardnessProblems     47
Solution, Percent Solution, and Mixture Problems     48
Water Consumption     49
Water Treatment Grade 1 Test     51
Solutions to Water Treatment Grade 1 Test     54
Water Treatment Grade 2     59
Conversion Problems     59
Temperature Conversion Problems     62
Percent and Parts per Million Conversion Problems     63
Percent Calculations     64
Average Calculations     66
Area Problems     67
Circumference Problems     68
Volume Problems     69
Watershed Supply Calculations     72
Detention Time Calculations     75
Pressure Problems     77
Density Calculations     78
Specific Gravity of Liquids     79
Flow Problems     80
Calculations of Chlorine Dose, Demand, and Residual     81
Dosage Problems     82
Pounds Removal Problems     95
Pump Discharge Problems     96
Pumping Calculations     98
Flow Rate Problems     102
Weir Overflow Rate Problems     104
Surface Loading Rate Calculations     105
Filtration Rate Problems     106
Backwash Rate Calculations     107
Unit Filter Run Volume Determinations     108
Calculations for Wells     109
Hardness Problems     112
Solution, Percent Solution, and Mixture Problems     113
Kilowatt Determinations     114
Water Treatment Grade 2 Test     116
Solutions to Water Treatment Grade 2 Test     119
Water Treatment Grade 3     125
Concentration Conversions     125
Volume Problems     127
Percent Determinations     128
Pressure Problems     129
Detention Time Problems     132
Dosage Problems     137
Ratio Calculations     153
Filtration Rate Problems     154
Backwash Rate Problems     159
Corrosion Problems     161
Softening Calculations     163
Calcium Hardness Calculations     166
Total Hardness as Expressed in Carbonate and Noncarbonate Hardness     170
Ion Exchange Softening Problems     173
Calculations for Chemical Precipitation Softening Process     177
Pounds Removal Problems     185
Flow Rate Calculations      189
Pumping Rate Calculations     195
Pumping Problems     199
Hydraulic Press Calculations     201
Water Treatment Grade 3 Test     204
Solutions to Water Treatment Grade 3 Test     207
Water Treatment Grade 4     213
Flow and Velocity Problems     213
Pressure Problems     220
Detention Problems     222
Dosage Problems     226
Lime Dosage Problems     245
Solution Feed Rate Calculations     248
Pounds Removal Problems     251
Percent Solution and Mixture Problems     254
Ion Exchange Softening Problems     267
Reverse Osmosis Recovery Percentage     272
Percent of Element in a Compound     274
Corrosion Problems     277
Calculations for Chemical Precipitation Softening Process     279
Calculations for Bicarbonate, Carbonate, and Hydroxide Alkalinity     287
Log Removal and CT Problems     291
Blending Calculations     307
Preparation of Standard Solutions     313
Jar Test Standards     317
Dilution Problems     319
Milliamp Signal Calculations     321
Water Treatment Grade 4 Test     323
Solutions to Water Treatment Grade 4 Test     326
Appendixes     331
Bibliography     361
Additional Resources     363