Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2 available in Hardcover, eBook
Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2
- ISBN-10:
- 0262017474
- ISBN-13:
- 9780262017473
- Pub. Date:
- 09/28/2012
- Publisher:
- MIT Press
- ISBN-10:
- 0262017474
- ISBN-13:
- 9780262017473
- Pub. Date:
- 09/28/2012
- Publisher:
- MIT Press
Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2
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Overview
Human survival depends on a continuing supply of energy, but the need for ever-increasing amounts of it poses a dilemma: How can we find energy sources that are sustainable and ways to convert and utilize energy that are more efficient? This widely used textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as others who have an interest in exploring energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales. It clearly presents the tradeoffs and uncertainties inherent in evaluating and choosing sound energy portfolios and provides a framework for assessing policy solutions.
The second edition examines the broader aspects of energy use, including resource estimation, environmental effects, and economic evaluations; reviews the main energy sources of today and tomorrow, from fossil fuels and nuclear power to biomass, hydropower, and solar energy; treats energy carriers and energy storage, transmission, and distribution; addresses end-use patterns in the transportation, industrial, and building sectors; and considers synergistic complex systems. This new edition also offers updated statistical data and references; a new chapter on the complex interactions among energy, water, and land use; expanded coverage of renewable energy; and new color illustrations. Sustainable Energy addresses the challenges of making responsible energy choices for a more sustainable future.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780262017473 |
---|---|
Publisher: | MIT Press |
Publication date: | 09/28/2012 |
Series: | The MIT Press |
Edition description: | second edition |
Pages: | 1056 |
Product dimensions: | 7.50(w) x 9.10(h) x 7.60(d) |
Age Range: | 18 Years |
About the Author
Elisabeth M. Drake is Emeritus Researcher at the MIT Energy Initiative.
Michael J. Driscoll is Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT.
Michael W. Golay is Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT.
William A. Peters is Executive Director of the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT.
Table of Contents
Preface | xvii | |
Acknowledgments | xxi | |
Chapter 1 | Sustainable Energy-The Engine of Sustainable Development | 1 |
1.1 | Sustainable Energy: The Engine of Sustainable Development | 2 |
1.2 | Defining Energy-Scientific and Engineering Foundations | 9 |
1.3 | Aspects of Energy Production and Consumption | 17 |
1.4 | National and Global Patterns of Energy Supply and Utilization | 24 |
1.5 | Environmental Effects of Energy-Gaining Understanding | 32 |
1.6 | Confronting the Energy-Prosperity-Environmental Dilemma | 41 |
1.7 | Mathematical Representations of Sustainability | 45 |
1.8 | The Rest of This Book | 47 |
References | 48 | |
Chapter 2 | Estimation and Evaluation of Energy Resources | 51 |
2.1 | Units of Measurement: Energy and Power | 52 |
2.2 | Comparison of Different Forms of Energy | 54 |
2.3 | The Energy Lifecycle | 56 |
2.4 | Estimation and Valuation of Fossil Mineral Fuels, Especially Petroleum | 64 |
2.4.1 | Asking the right questions and avoiding the unanswerable ones | 64 |
2.4.2 | Perspectives from mineral geology | 65 |
2.4.3 | Two interpretations of hydrocarbon fuel economics | 66 |
2.4.4 | Categories of reserves | 73 |
2.4.5 | Forecasting mineral fuel prices and supplies | 75 |
2.4.6 | Geopolitical factors and energy supply "crises" | 79 |
2.5 | Lessons for Sustainable Development | 82 |
2.6 | Summary and Conclusions | 83 |
References | 83 | |
Chapter 3 | Technical Performance: Allowability, Efficiency, Production Rates | 87 |
3.1 | Relation to Sustainability | 88 |
3.2 | An Introduction to Methods of Thermodynamic Analysis | 90 |
3.2.1 | Allowability, efficiency, and the Second Law | 90 |
3.2.2 | More about entropy | 92 |
3.2.3 | Analysis of ideal (Carnot) heat engines | 98 |
3.2.4 | Analysis of real world (irreversible) heat engines | 100 |
3.3 | The Importance of Rate Processes in Energy Conversion | 115 |
3.4 | Chemical Rate Processes | 116 |
3.5 | The Physical Transport of Heat | 120 |
3.5.1 | Foundations for quantitative analysis | 120 |
3.5.2 | Thermal conduction | 122 |
3.5.3 | Convective heat transfer | 123 |
3.5.4 | Radiative heat transmission | 124 |
3.5.5 | Heat transfer by tandem mechanisms | 128 |
3.6 | Use and Abuse of Time Scales | 129 |
3.7 | Energy Resources and Energy Conversion-Fertile Common Ground | 131 |
References | 131 | |
Problems | 134 | |
Chapter 4 | Local, Regional, and Global Environmental Effects of Energy | 137 |
4.1 | How Energy Systems Interact with the Environment | 138 |
4.1.1 | Known and potential environmental threats | 138 |
4.1.2 | Origin of harmful agents | 140 |
4.1.3 | Length and time scales for environmental impacts | 143 |
4.2 | Adverse Environmental Effects Over Local and Regional Length Scales | 147 |
4.2.1 | Ambient air pollution | 147 |
4.2.2 | Adulteration of soil, water, and indoor air | 156 |
4.2.3 | Transport and transformation of air, ground, and water contamination | 157 |
4.3 | Global Climate Change: Environmental Consequences over Planetary-Length Scales | 158 |
4.3.1 | Introduction | 158 |
4.3.2 | Basic science of the greenhouse effect | 160 |
4.3.3 | Energy and the greenhouse effect | 167 |
4.3.4 | Greenhouse consequences: Consensus, unknowns, misconceptions | 172 |
4.3.5 | Technological and policy response strategies: Evolutionary and revolutionary | 178 |
4.4 | Attribution of Environmental Damage to Energy Utilization | 184 |
4.4.1 | Diagnosing receptor jeopardy and injury | 185 |
4.4.2 | Source identification | 190 |
4.4.3 | Risk and uncertainty | 191 |
4.5 | Methods of Environmental Protection | 191 |
4.5.1 | Energy and the environment as an ensemble of coupled complex systems | 191 |
4.5.2 | Earth-system ecology as a working paradigm | 192 |
4.5.3 | Public policy instruments | 195 |
4.5.4 | Technological remedies | 196 |
4.6 | Environmental Benefits of Energy | 196 |
4.6.1 | Pollution prevention and environmental restoration | 196 |
4.6.2 | Social and economic foundations for environmental stewardship | 197 |
4.7 | Implications for Sustainable Energy | 197 |
4.7.1 | Environmental footprints as sustainability metrics | 197 |
4.7.2 | The unusual challenge of global climate change | 198 |
Problems | 199 | |
Appendix | Lessons from SO[subscript 2] Emissions Trading | 200 |
References | 203 | |
Chapter 5 | Project Economic Evaluation | 207 |
5.1 | Introduction | 208 |
5.2 | Time Value of Money Mechanics | 211 |
5.2.1 | Basic aspects | 211 |
5.2.2 | Application to a typical cash flow scenario | 213 |
5.2.3 | Derivation of relations | 215 |
5.2.4 | Pitfalls, errors, and ambiguities | 220 |
5.3 | Current versus Constant-Dollar Comparisons | 222 |
5.4 | Simple Payback | 225 |
5.5 | Economy of Scale and Learning Curve | 225 |
5.6 | Allowing for Uncertainty | 229 |
5.6.1 | Overview | 229 |
5.6.2 | Analytic uncertainty propagation | 229 |
5.6.3 | The Monte Carlo method | 230 |
5.6.4 | Decision tree method | 232 |
5.7 | Accounting for Externalities | 232 |
5.8 | Energy Accounting | 239 |
5.9 | Modeling Beyond the Project Level | 241 |
5.10 | Chapter Summary | 243 |
Appendix A | 245 | |
Appendix B | 247 | |
References | 251 | |
Problems | 254 | |
Chapter 6 | Energy Systems and Sustainability Metrics | 259 |
6.1 | Introduction and Historical Notes | 260 |
6.2 | Energy from a Systems Perspective | 263 |
6.3 | Systems Analysis Approaches | 271 |
6.3.1 | Lifecycle analysis | 273 |
6.3.2 | Simulation models | 275 |
6.3.3 | Risk-based models | 276 |
6.4 | Measures of Sustainability | 279 |
6.4.1 | General indicators of sustainability | 280 |
6.4.2 | Categories of indicators | 282 |
6.5 | Drivers of Societal Change | 284 |
6.6 | Some General Principles of Sustainable Development | 287 |
References | 289 | |
Web Sites of Interest | 292 | |
Problems | 292 | |
Chapter 7 | Fossil Fuels and Fossil Energy | 295 |
7.1 | Introduction | 296 |
7.1.1 | Definition and types of fossil fuels | 296 |
7.1.2 | Historical and current contributions of fossil fuels to human progress | 300 |
7.1.3 | Sustainability: Challenges and opportunities | 302 |
7.2 | The Fossil Fuel Resource Base | 302 |
7.2.1 | How long will fossil fuels last? | 302 |
7.2.2 | "Unconventional" naturally occurring fossil fuels | 303 |
7.2.3 | Fossil resources and sustainability | 305 |
7.3 | Harvesting Energy and Energy Products from Fossil Fuels | 306 |
7.3.1 | Exploration, discovery, and extraction of fuels | 306 |
7.3.2 | Fuel storage and transportation | 306 |
7.3.3 | Fuel conversion | 307 |
7.3.4 | Fuel combustion | 317 |
7.3.5 | Direct generation of electricity: Fuel cells | 324 |
7.3.6 | Manufacture of chemicals and other products | 329 |
7.4 | Environmental Impacts | 329 |
7.4.1 | Pollutant sources and remedies: The fuel itself | 329 |
7.4.2 | Pollutant sources and remedies: Combustion pathologies | 332 |
7.4.3 | Pollutant sources and remedies: Carbon management | 333 |
7.5 | Geopolitical and Sociological Factors | 337 |
7.5.1 | Globalization of fossil energy sources | 337 |
7.5.2 | Equitable access, Revenue scaffolds, "American Graffiti" | 338 |
7.6 | Economics of Fossil Energy | 341 |
7.7 | Some Principles for Evaluating Fossil and Other Energy Technology Options | 346 |
7.8 | Emerging Technologies | 353 |
7.9 | Closure: Why Are Fossil Fuels Important to Sustainable Energy? | 353 |
References | 355 | |
Problems | 359 | |
Chapter 8 | Nuclear Power | 361 |
8.1 | Nuclear History | 362 |
8.2 | Physics | 364 |
8.3 | Nuclear Reactors | 364 |
8.4 | Burning and Breeding | 368 |
8.5 | Nuclear Power Economics | 369 |
8.6 | The Three Mile Island 2 Nuclear Power Plant Accident | 370 |
8.7 | Reactor Safety | 372 |
8.8 | Light-Water Reactors (LWR) | 374 |
8.9 | Pressurized-Water Reactor (PWR) Technologies | 374 |
8.10 | Boiling-Water Reactor (BWR) Technology | 377 |
8.11 | RBMK Reactors | 377 |
8.12 | Heavy-Water Cooled Technologies | 380 |
8.13 | Gas-Cooled Reactor Technologies | 380 |
8.14 | Liquid-Metal Reactor Technologies | 384 |
8.15 | Actinide Burning | 385 |
8.16 | Advanced Reactors | 387 |
8.17 | Nuclear Power Fuel Resources | 387 |
8.18 | Fuel Cycle | 389 |
8.18.1 | Uranium mining | 390 |
8.18.2 | Uranium milling | 390 |
8.18.3 | Conversion | 391 |
8.18.4 | Enrichment | 391 |
8.18.5 | Fuel fabrication | 392 |
8.18.6 | Spent fuel | 392 |
8.18.7 | Reprocessing | 393 |
8.18.8 | High Level Wastes (HLW) disposal | 394 |
8.19 | Fusion Energy | 397 |
8.19.1 | Introduction | 397 |
8.19.2 | Why is fusion more difficult than fission? | 398 |
8.19.3 | Magnetic fusion energy | 400 |
8.19.4 | Inertial fusion energy | 401 |
8.19.5 | Prospects for the future | 402 |
8.20 | Future Prospects for Nuclear Power | 404 |
References | 405 | |
Additional Resources | 406 | |
Chapter 9 | Renewable Energy in Context | 407 |
9.1 | Introduction and Historical Notes | 408 |
9.2 | Resource Assessment | 410 |
9.3 | Environmental Impacts | 412 |
9.4 | Technology Development and Deployment | 413 |
9.5 | The Importance of Storage | 414 |
9.6 | Connecting Renewables to Hydrogen | 414 |
9.7 | The Future for Renewable Energy | 415 |
9.8 | Additional Resources | 416 |
References | 416 | |
Chapter 10 | Biomass Energy | 419 |
10.1 | Characterizing the Biomass Resource | 420 |
10.2 | Biomass Relevance to Energy Production | 424 |
10.2.1 | Utilization options | 424 |
10.2.2 | Advantages and disadvantages | 424 |
10.2.3 | More on resources | 427 |
10.3 | Chemical and Physical Properties Relevant to Energy Production | 429 |
10.4 | Biomass Production: Useful Scaling Parameters | 430 |
10.5 | Thermal Conversion of Biomass | 432 |
10.5.1 | Biomass to electricity | 432 |
10.5.2 | Biomass to fuels | 434 |
10.6 | Bioconversion | 437 |
10.6.1 | Introduction | 437 |
10.6.2 | Biogas | 437 |
10.6.3 | Fermentation ethanol from corn and cellulosic biomass | 440 |
10.7 | Environmental Issues | 440 |
10.8 | Economics | 443 |
10.9 | Enabling Research and Development | 444 |
10.10 | Disruptive Technology | 444 |
10.11 | Summary | 446 |
References | 446 | |
Web Sites of Interest | 449 | |
Problems | 449 | |
Chapter 11 | Geothermal Energy | 453 |
11.1 | Characterization of Geothermal Resource Types | 454 |
11.1.1 | Definition in general | 454 |
11.1.2 | Natural hydrothermal systems | 457 |
11.1.3 | Geopressured systems | 459 |
11.1.4 | Hot dry rock | 459 |
11.1.5 | Magma | 461 |
11.1.6 | Ultra low-grade systems | 461 |
11.1.7 | Markets for geothermal energy | 462 |
11.2 | Geothermal Resource Size and Distribution | 464 |
11.2.1 | Overall framework and terminology | 464 |
11.2.2 | Quality issues | 465 |
11.2.3 | Resource base and reserve estimates | 466 |
11.3 | Practical Operation and Equipment for Recovering Energy | 468 |
11.3.1 | Drilling and field development | 468 |
11.3.2 | Reservoir fluid production | 469 |
11.3.3 | Non-electric, direct-heat utilization | 473 |
11.3.4 | Electric power generation | 477 |
11.3.5 | Equipment | 481 |
11.3.6 | Power cycle performance | 485 |
11.4 | Sustainability Attributes | 487 |
11.4.1 | Reservoir lifetime issues | 487 |
11.4.2 | Environmental impacts | 488 |
11.4.3 | Dispatchable heat and power delivery | 490 |
11.4.4 | Suitability for developing countries | 490 |
11.4.5 | Potential for CO[subscript 2] reduction and pollution prevention | 490 |
11.5 | Status of Geothermal Technology Today | 491 |
11.5.1 | Hydrothermal | 491 |
11.5.2 | Advanced systems | 495 |
11.6 | Competing in Today's Energy Markets | 505 |
11.7 | Research and Development Advances Needed | 508 |
11.8 | Potential for the Long Term | 510 |
References | 510 | |
Web Sites of Interest | 517 | |
Problems | 517 | |
Chapter 12 | Hydropower | 519 |
12.1 | Overview of Hydropower | 520 |
12.2 | Hydropower Resource Assessment | 522 |
12.3 | Basic Energy Conversion Principles | 525 |
12.4 | Conversion Equipment and Civil Engineering
What People are Saying About ThisFrom the Publisher
"At last, sustainable energy can be taught from a single textbook one that is balanced, worldly, comprehensive, and challenging. Watch out, teachers! Science and engineering students are going to demand courses that use this book."Robert Socolow, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University From the B&N Reads Blog
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