Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2

Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2

ISBN-10:
0262017474
ISBN-13:
9780262017473
Pub. Date:
09/28/2012
Publisher:
MIT Press
ISBN-10:
0262017474
ISBN-13:
9780262017473
Pub. Date:
09/28/2012
Publisher:
MIT Press
Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2

Sustainable Energy, second edition: Choosing Among Options / Edition 2

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Overview

The second edition of a widely used textbook that explores energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales.

Human survival depends on a continuing supply of energy, but the need for ever-increasing amounts of it poses a dilemma: How can we find energy sources that are sustainable and ways to convert and utilize energy that are more efficient? This widely used textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as others who have an interest in exploring energy resource options and technologies with a view toward achieving sustainability on local, national, and global scales. It clearly presents the tradeoffs and uncertainties inherent in evaluating and choosing sound energy portfolios and provides a framework for assessing policy solutions.

The second edition examines the broader aspects of energy use, including resource estimation, environmental effects, and economic evaluations; reviews the main energy sources of today and tomorrow, from fossil fuels and nuclear power to biomass, hydropower, and solar energy; treats energy carriers and energy storage, transmission, and distribution; addresses end-use patterns in the transportation, industrial, and building sectors; and considers synergistic complex systems. This new edition also offers updated statistical data and references; a new chapter on the complex interactions among energy, water, and land use; expanded coverage of renewable energy; and new color illustrations. Sustainable Energy addresses the challenges of making responsible energy choices for a more sustainable future.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9780262017473
Publisher: MIT Press
Publication date: 09/28/2012
Series: The MIT Press
Edition description: second edition
Pages: 1056
Product dimensions: 7.50(w) x 9.10(h) x 7.60(d)
Age Range: 18 Years

About the Author

Jefferson W. Tester is Croll Professor of Sustainable Energy Systems at Cornell University.

Elisabeth M. Drake is Emeritus Researcher at the MIT Energy Initiative.

Michael J. Driscoll is Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT.

Michael W. Golay is Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT.

William A. Peters is Executive Director of the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT.

Table of Contents

Prefacexvii
Acknowledgmentsxxi
Chapter 1Sustainable Energy-The Engine of Sustainable Development1
1.1Sustainable Energy: The Engine of Sustainable Development2
1.2Defining Energy-Scientific and Engineering Foundations9
1.3Aspects of Energy Production and Consumption17
1.4National and Global Patterns of Energy Supply and Utilization24
1.5Environmental Effects of Energy-Gaining Understanding32
1.6Confronting the Energy-Prosperity-Environmental Dilemma41
1.7Mathematical Representations of Sustainability45
1.8The Rest of This Book47
References48
Chapter 2Estimation and Evaluation of Energy Resources51
2.1Units of Measurement: Energy and Power52
2.2Comparison of Different Forms of Energy54
2.3The Energy Lifecycle56
2.4Estimation and Valuation of Fossil Mineral Fuels, Especially Petroleum64
2.4.1Asking the right questions and avoiding the unanswerable ones64
2.4.2Perspectives from mineral geology65
2.4.3Two interpretations of hydrocarbon fuel economics66
2.4.4Categories of reserves73
2.4.5Forecasting mineral fuel prices and supplies75
2.4.6Geopolitical factors and energy supply "crises"79
2.5Lessons for Sustainable Development82
2.6Summary and Conclusions83
References83
Chapter 3Technical Performance: Allowability, Efficiency, Production Rates87
3.1Relation to Sustainability88
3.2An Introduction to Methods of Thermodynamic Analysis90
3.2.1Allowability, efficiency, and the Second Law90
3.2.2More about entropy92
3.2.3Analysis of ideal (Carnot) heat engines98
3.2.4Analysis of real world (irreversible) heat engines100
3.3The Importance of Rate Processes in Energy Conversion115
3.4Chemical Rate Processes116
3.5The Physical Transport of Heat120
3.5.1Foundations for quantitative analysis120
3.5.2Thermal conduction122
3.5.3Convective heat transfer123
3.5.4Radiative heat transmission124
3.5.5Heat transfer by tandem mechanisms128
3.6Use and Abuse of Time Scales129
3.7Energy Resources and Energy Conversion-Fertile Common Ground131
References131
Problems134
Chapter 4Local, Regional, and Global Environmental Effects of Energy137
4.1How Energy Systems Interact with the Environment138
4.1.1Known and potential environmental threats138
4.1.2Origin of harmful agents140
4.1.3Length and time scales for environmental impacts143
4.2Adverse Environmental Effects Over Local and Regional Length Scales147
4.2.1Ambient air pollution147
4.2.2Adulteration of soil, water, and indoor air156
4.2.3Transport and transformation of air, ground, and water contamination157
4.3Global Climate Change: Environmental Consequences over Planetary-Length Scales158
4.3.1Introduction158
4.3.2Basic science of the greenhouse effect160
4.3.3Energy and the greenhouse effect167
4.3.4Greenhouse consequences: Consensus, unknowns, misconceptions172
4.3.5Technological and policy response strategies: Evolutionary and revolutionary178
4.4Attribution of Environmental Damage to Energy Utilization184
4.4.1Diagnosing receptor jeopardy and injury185
4.4.2Source identification190
4.4.3Risk and uncertainty191
4.5Methods of Environmental Protection191
4.5.1Energy and the environment as an ensemble of coupled complex systems191
4.5.2Earth-system ecology as a working paradigm192
4.5.3Public policy instruments195
4.5.4Technological remedies196
4.6Environmental Benefits of Energy196
4.6.1Pollution prevention and environmental restoration196
4.6.2Social and economic foundations for environmental stewardship197
4.7Implications for Sustainable Energy197
4.7.1Environmental footprints as sustainability metrics197
4.7.2The unusual challenge of global climate change198
Problems199
AppendixLessons from SO[subscript 2] Emissions Trading200
References203
Chapter 5Project Economic Evaluation207
5.1Introduction208
5.2Time Value of Money Mechanics211
5.2.1Basic aspects211
5.2.2Application to a typical cash flow scenario213
5.2.3Derivation of relations215
5.2.4Pitfalls, errors, and ambiguities220
5.3Current versus Constant-Dollar Comparisons222
5.4Simple Payback225
5.5Economy of Scale and Learning Curve225
5.6Allowing for Uncertainty229
5.6.1Overview229
5.6.2Analytic uncertainty propagation229
5.6.3The Monte Carlo method230
5.6.4Decision tree method232
5.7Accounting for Externalities232
5.8Energy Accounting239
5.9Modeling Beyond the Project Level241
5.10Chapter Summary243
Appendix A245
Appendix B247
References251
Problems254
Chapter 6Energy Systems and Sustainability Metrics259
6.1Introduction and Historical Notes260
6.2Energy from a Systems Perspective263
6.3Systems Analysis Approaches271
6.3.1Lifecycle analysis273
6.3.2Simulation models275
6.3.3Risk-based models276
6.4Measures of Sustainability279
6.4.1General indicators of sustainability280
6.4.2Categories of indicators282
6.5Drivers of Societal Change284
6.6Some General Principles of Sustainable Development287
References289
Web Sites of Interest292
Problems292
Chapter 7Fossil Fuels and Fossil Energy295
7.1Introduction296
7.1.1Definition and types of fossil fuels296
7.1.2Historical and current contributions of fossil fuels to human progress300
7.1.3Sustainability: Challenges and opportunities302
7.2The Fossil Fuel Resource Base302
7.2.1How long will fossil fuels last?302
7.2.2"Unconventional" naturally occurring fossil fuels303
7.2.3Fossil resources and sustainability305
7.3Harvesting Energy and Energy Products from Fossil Fuels306
7.3.1Exploration, discovery, and extraction of fuels306
7.3.2Fuel storage and transportation306
7.3.3Fuel conversion307
7.3.4Fuel combustion317
7.3.5Direct generation of electricity: Fuel cells324
7.3.6Manufacture of chemicals and other products329
7.4Environmental Impacts329
7.4.1Pollutant sources and remedies: The fuel itself329
7.4.2Pollutant sources and remedies: Combustion pathologies332
7.4.3Pollutant sources and remedies: Carbon management333
7.5Geopolitical and Sociological Factors337
7.5.1Globalization of fossil energy sources337
7.5.2Equitable access, Revenue scaffolds, "American Graffiti"338
7.6Economics of Fossil Energy341
7.7Some Principles for Evaluating Fossil and Other Energy Technology Options346
7.8Emerging Technologies353
7.9Closure: Why Are Fossil Fuels Important to Sustainable Energy?353
References355
Problems359
Chapter 8Nuclear Power361
8.1Nuclear History362
8.2Physics364
8.3Nuclear Reactors364
8.4Burning and Breeding368
8.5Nuclear Power Economics369
8.6The Three Mile Island 2 Nuclear Power Plant Accident370
8.7Reactor Safety372
8.8Light-Water Reactors (LWR)374
8.9Pressurized-Water Reactor (PWR) Technologies374
8.10Boiling-Water Reactor (BWR) Technology377
8.11RBMK Reactors377
8.12Heavy-Water Cooled Technologies380
8.13Gas-Cooled Reactor Technologies380
8.14Liquid-Metal Reactor Technologies384
8.15Actinide Burning385
8.16Advanced Reactors387
8.17Nuclear Power Fuel Resources387
8.18Fuel Cycle389
8.18.1Uranium mining390
8.18.2Uranium milling390
8.18.3Conversion391
8.18.4Enrichment391
8.18.5Fuel fabrication392
8.18.6Spent fuel392
8.18.7Reprocessing393
8.18.8High Level Wastes (HLW) disposal394
8.19Fusion Energy397
8.19.1Introduction397
8.19.2Why is fusion more difficult than fission?398
8.19.3Magnetic fusion energy400
8.19.4Inertial fusion energy401
8.19.5Prospects for the future402
8.20Future Prospects for Nuclear Power404
References405
Additional Resources406
Chapter 9Renewable Energy in Context407
9.1Introduction and Historical Notes408
9.2Resource Assessment410
9.3Environmental Impacts412
9.4Technology Development and Deployment413
9.5The Importance of Storage414
9.6Connecting Renewables to Hydrogen414
9.7The Future for Renewable Energy415
9.8Additional Resources416
References416
Chapter 10Biomass Energy419
10.1Characterizing the Biomass Resource420
10.2Biomass Relevance to Energy Production424
10.2.1Utilization options424
10.2.2Advantages and disadvantages424
10.2.3More on resources427
10.3Chemical and Physical Properties Relevant to Energy Production429
10.4Biomass Production: Useful Scaling Parameters430
10.5Thermal Conversion of Biomass432
10.5.1Biomass to electricity432
10.5.2Biomass to fuels434
10.6Bioconversion437
10.6.1Introduction437
10.6.2Biogas437
10.6.3Fermentation ethanol from corn and cellulosic biomass440
10.7Environmental Issues440
10.8Economics443
10.9Enabling Research and Development444
10.10Disruptive Technology444
10.11Summary446
References446
Web Sites of Interest449
Problems449
Chapter 11Geothermal Energy453
11.1Characterization of Geothermal Resource Types454
11.1.1Definition in general454
11.1.2Natural hydrothermal systems457
11.1.3Geopressured systems459
11.1.4Hot dry rock459
11.1.5Magma461
11.1.6Ultra low-grade systems461
11.1.7Markets for geothermal energy462
11.2Geothermal Resource Size and Distribution464
11.2.1Overall framework and terminology464
11.2.2Quality issues465
11.2.3Resource base and reserve estimates466
11.3Practical Operation and Equipment for Recovering Energy468
11.3.1Drilling and field development468
11.3.2Reservoir fluid production469
11.3.3Non-electric, direct-heat utilization473
11.3.4Electric power generation477
11.3.5Equipment481
11.3.6Power cycle performance485
11.4Sustainability Attributes487
11.4.1Reservoir lifetime issues487
11.4.2Environmental impacts488
11.4.3Dispatchable heat and power delivery490
11.4.4Suitability for developing countries490
11.4.5Potential for CO[subscript 2] reduction and pollution prevention490
11.5Status of Geothermal Technology Today491
11.5.1Hydrothermal491
11.5.2Advanced systems495
11.6Competing in Today's Energy Markets505
11.7Research and Development Advances Needed508
11.8Potential for the Long Term510
References510
Web Sites of Interest517
Problems517
Chapter 12Hydropower519
12.1Overview of Hydropower520
12.2Hydropower Resource Assessment522
12.3Basic Energy Conversion Principles525
12.4Conversion Equipment and Civil Engineering

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From the Publisher

"At last, sustainable energy can be taught from a single textbook — one that is balanced, worldly, comprehensive, and challenging. Watch out, teachers! Science and engineering students are going to demand courses that use this book."—Robert Socolow, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University

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