Table of Contents

Note: Each chapter concludes with a summary, review questions, timeline, and bibliography.

Part I. The Creation of American Society, 1450–1763

1. Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450–1620

Native American Societies

Europe Encounters Africa and the Americas, 1450–1550

The Protestant Reformation and the Rise of England

Reading American Pictures: Maize for Blankets: Indian Trading Networks on the Great Plains

Voices From Abroad: Father Le Petite: The Customs of the Natchez

Comparing American Voices: The Spanish Conquest of Mexico

2. The Invasion and Settlement of North America, 1550–1700

The Rival Imperial Models of Spain, France, and Holland

The English Arrive: The Chesapeake Experience

Puritan New England

The Eastern Indians’ New World

Voices From Abroad: Samuel de Champlain: Going to War with the Hurons

Reading American Pictures: Skeletons and Angels: Exploring Colonial New England Cemeteries

Comparing American Voices: The Causes of the War of 1675–1676

3. The British Empire in America, 1660–1750

The Politics of Empire, 1660–1713

The Imperial Slave Economy

The New Politics of Empire, 1713–1750

Voices from Abroad: Olaudah Equiano: The Brutal "Middle Passage"

Reading American Pictures: Jumping the Broomstick: Viewing An African Ceremony in South Carolina

Comparing American Voices: The Rise of Representative Assemblies

4. Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society, 1720–1765

Freehold Society in New England

The Middle Atlantic: Toward a New Society, 1720–1765

The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720–1765

The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750–1765

Comparing American Voices: Ethnic Customs and Conflict

Voices from Abroad: Gottlieb Mittelberger: The Perils of Migration

Reading American Pictures: Almanacs and Meetinghouses: Exploring Popular Culture

Part II. The New Republic, 1763–1820

5. Toward Independence: Years of Decision, 1763–1776

Imperial Reform, 1763–1765

The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770

The Road to Independence, 1771–1776

Reading American Pictures: How Did the British View the Crisis in the Colonies?

Comparing American Voices: The Debate Over Representation and Sovereignty

Voices from Abroad: Thomas Paine: Common Sense

6. Making War and Republican Governments, 1776–1789

The Trials of War, 1776–1778

The Path to Victory, 1778–1783

Creating Republican Institutions, 1776–1787

The Constitution of 1787

Voices From Abroad: Baroness Von Riedesel: The Surrender of Burgoyne, 1777

Reading American Pictures: Did the Revolution Promote Women’s Rights?

Comparing American Voices: The First National Debate Over Slavery

7. Politics and Society in the New Republic, 1787–1820

The Political Crisis of the 1790s

The Westward Movement and the Jeffersonian Revolution

The War of 1812 and the Transformation of Politics

Reading American Pictures: Creating a National Political Tradition

Voices From Abroad: William Cobbett: Peter Porcupine Attacks Pro–French Americans

Comparing American Voices: Factional Politics and the War of 1812

8. Creating a Republican Culture, 1790–1820

The Capitalist Commonwealth

Toward a Democratic Republican Culture

Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery

Protestant Christianity as a Social Force

Comparing American Voices: The Trials of Married Life

Reading American Pictures: Changing Middle–Class Families: Assessing the Visual Record

Voices From Abroad: Frances Trollope: A Camp Meeting in Indiana

Part III. Economic Revolution and Sectional Strife, 1820–1877

9. Economic Transformation, 1820–1860

The American Industrial Revolution

The Market Revolution

Changes in the Social Structure

Reading American Pictures: How Did Americans Dramatically Increase Farm Productivity?

Voices From Abroad: Ernst Stille: German Immigrants in the Midwest

Comparing American Voices: A Debate Over Catholic Immigration

10. A Democratic Revolution, 1820–1844

The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820–1829

The Jacksonian Presidency, 1829–1837

Class, Culture, and the Second Party System

Comparing American Voices: The Cherokees Debate Removal to the Indian Territory

Reading American Pictures: Politics and the Press: Cartoonists Take Aim at Andrew Jackson

Voices from Abroad: Alexis de Tocqueville: Parties in the United States

11. Religion and Reform, 1820–1860

Individualism

Rural Communalism and Urban Popular Culture

Abolitionism

The Women’s Rights Movement

Voices From Abroad: The Mystical World of the Shakers

Reading American Pictures: Looking for Clues in Art About Women’s Sphere

Comparing American Voices: Saving the Nation From Drink

12. The South Expands: Slavery and Society, 1820–1860

Creating the Cotton South

The African American World

Voices From Abroad: Bernhard, Duke of Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach: The Racial Complexities of Southern Society

Reading American Pictures: How Did Slaves Live on Cotton Plantations?

Comparing American Voices: Slaves and Masters

13. The Crisis of the Union, 1844–1860

Manifest Destiny: South and North

War, Expansion, and Slavery, 1846–1850

The End of the Second Party System, 1850–1858

Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph, 1858–1860

Comparing American Voices: Civil Warfare in Kansas

Reading American Pictures: Marching from the Atlantic to the Pacific: Visualizing "Manifest Destiny"

Voices from Abroad: Salomon de Rothschild: A French Banker Analyzes the Election of 1860 and the Threat of Secession

14. Two Societies at War, 1861–1865

Secession and Military Stalemate, 1861–1862

Toward Total War

The Turning Point: 1863

The Union Victorious, 1864–1865

Comparing American Voices: Blacks and Whites Describe the End of Slavery

Reading American Pictures: What Do Photographs Tell Us About the Civil War?

Voices from Abroad: Ernest Duvergier de Hauranne: German Immigrants and the Civil War Within Missouri

15. Reconstruction, 1865–1877

Presidential Reconstruction

Radical Reconstruction

The Undoing of Reconstruction

Comparing American Voices: Freedom

Reading American Pictures: Why Sharecropping?

Voices from Abroad: David Macrae: The Devastated South

Part IV. A Maturing Industrial Society, 1877–1914

16. The American West

The Great Plains

The Far West

Comparing American Voices: Becoming White

Reading American Pictures: Uncovering the Culture of the Plains Indians

Voices from Abroad: Baron Joseph Alexander von HŸbner: A Western Boom Town

17. Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise, 1877–1900

Industrial Capitalism Triumphant

The World of Work

The Labor Movement

Comparing American Voices: Working Women

Reading American Pictures: The Killing Floor: Site of America’s Mass Production Revolution?

Voices from Abroad: Count Vay de Vaya und Luskod: Pittsburgh Inferno

18. The Industrial City: Building It, Living In It

Urbanization

Upper Class/Middle Class

City Life

Comparing American Voices: Coming to America: The Downside

Reading American Pictures: Challenging Female Delicacy: The New Woman

Voices from Abroad: Jose Mart’: Coney Island, 1881

19. Politics in the Age of Enterprise, 1877–1896

The Politics of the Status Quo, 1877–1893

Politics and the People

Race and Politics in the New South

The Crisis of American Politics: The 1890s

Comparing American Voices: "Negro Domination!"

Reading American Pictures: Parties and People: How Democratic Was American Politics?

Voices from Abroad: Ernst Below: Beer and German American Politics

20. The Progressive Era, 1900–1914

The Course of Reform

Progressivism and National Politics

Comparing American Voices: The Triangle Fire

Reading American Pictures: Reining in Big Business? Cartoonists Join the Battle

Voices from Abroad: James Bryce: America in 1905: "Business Is King"

21. An Emerging World Power, 1877–1914

The Roots of Expansion

An American Empire

Onto the World Stage

Comparing American Voices: Debating the Philippines

Reading American Pictures: Imperial Dilemmas

Voices from Abroad: Jean Hess, Emile Zola, and Ruben Dario: American Goliath

Part V. The Modern State and Society, 1914–1945

22. War and the American State, 1914–1920

Great War, 1914–1918

War on the Home Front

An Unsettled Peace, 1919–1920

Comparing American Voices: The Great Migration

Reading American Pictures: "Over Here": Women’s Wartime Opportunities

Voices from Abroad: A German Propaganda Appeal to Black Soldiers

23. Modern Times, 1920–1932

Business–Government Partnership of the 1920s

A New National Culture

Redefining American Identity

The Onset of the Great Depression

Comparing American Voices: The Scopes Trial

Reading American Pictures: Patrolling the Texas Border

Voices from Abroad: Mary Agnes Hamilton: Breadlines and Beggars

24. Redefining Liberalism: The New Deal, 1933–1939

The New Deal Takes Over, 1933–1935

The Second New Deal, 1935–1938

The New Deal’s Impact on Society

Comparing American Voices: Ordinary People Respond to the New Deal

Reading American Pictures: Interpreting the Public Art of the New Deal

Voices from Abroad: Odette Keun: A Foreigner Looks at the Tennessee Valley Authority

25. The World at War, 1939–1945

The Road to War

Organizing for Victory

Life on the Home Front

Fighting and Winning the War

Comparing American Voices: Women in the Wartime Workplace

Reading American Pictures: "U.S. Political Propaganda on the Homefront during World War II"

Voices from Abroad: Monica Itoi Sone: Japanese Relocation

Part VI. The Age of Cold War Liberalism, 1945–1980

26. Cold War America, 1945–1960

The Cold War

Cold War Liberalism

"Modern Republicanism"

Comparing American Voices: Hunting Communists and Liberals

Reading American Pictures: Why a Cold War Space Race?

Voices from Abroad: Jean Monnet: Truman’s Generous Proposal

27. The Age of Affluence, 1945–1960

Economic Powerhouse

The Affluent Society

The Other America

Comparing American Voices: Challenging White Supremacy

Reading American Pictures: The Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement

Voices from Abroad: Hanoch Bartov: Everyone Has a Car

28. The Liberal Consensus: Flaming Out, 1960–1968

John F. Kennedy and the Politics of Expectation

Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society

Into the Quagmire, 1960–1968

Coming Apart

1968: A Year of Shocks

Comparing American Voices: The Toll of War

Reading American Pictures: War and its Aftermath: Images of the Vietnam Conflict, 1968 and 1982

Voices from Abroad: Che Guevara: Vietnam and the World Freedom Struggle

29. Towards a Conservative America: The 1970s

The Nixon Years

Battling for Civil Rights: The Second State

Lean Years

Politics in the Wake of Watergate

Comparing American Voices: Debating the Equal Rights Amendment

Reading American Pictures: A Near–Meltdown at Three Mile Island, 1979

Voices from Abroad: Fei Xiaotong: America’s Crisis of Faith

Part VII. Entering a New Era: Conservatism, Globalization, Terrorism, 1980–2006

30. The Reagan Revolution and the End of the Cold War, 1980–2001

The Rise of Conservatism

The Reagan Presidency, 1981–1989

The Defeat of Communism and the Rise of a New World Order

The Clinton Presidency, 1993–2001

Comparing American Voices: Christianity and Public Life

Reading American Pictures: Image Warfare: Fighting to Define the Reagan Presidency

Voices from Abroad: Zhu Shida: China and the United States: A Unique Relationship

31. A Dynamic Economy, A Divided People, 1980–2000

America in a Global Economy and Society

New Technology

Culture Wars

Comparing American Voices: Cheap Labor: Immigration and Globalization

Reading American Pictures: The Abortion Debate Hits the Streets

Voices from Abroad: A U.S. Epidemic

32. Into the Twenty–First Century

The Advent of George W. Bush

American Hegemony Challenged

Unfinished Business

Comparing American Voices: The Stem Cell Research Controversy

Reading American Pictures: Conservatism at a Crossroads

Voices from Abroad: Abu Musab al–Zarqawi: A Strategy for the Iraq Insurgency