A sweeping history of the drama, intrigue, and rivalry behind the creation of the postwar economic order
When turmoil strikes world monetary and financial markets, leaders invariably call for 'a new Bretton Woods' to prevent catastrophic economic disorder and defuse political conflict. The name of the remote New Hampshire town where representatives of forty-four nations gathered in July 1944, in the midst of the century's second great war, has become shorthand for enlightened globalization. The actual story surrounding the historic Bretton Woods accords, however, is full of startling drama, intrigue, and rivalry, which are vividly brought to life in Benn Steil's epic account.
Upending the conventional wisdom that Bretton Woods was the product of an amiable Anglo-American collaboration, Steil shows that it was in reality part of a much more ambitious geopolitical agenda hatched within President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Treasury and aimed at eliminating Britain as an economic and political rival. At the heart of the drama were the antipodal characters of John Maynard Keynes, the renowned and revolutionary British economist, and Harry Dexter White, the dogged, self-made American technocrat. Bringing to bear new and striking archival evidence, Steil offers the most compelling portrait yet of the complex and controversial figure of White—the architect of the dollar's privileged place in the Bretton Woods monetary system, who also, very privately, admired Soviet economic planning and engaged in clandestine communications with Soviet intelligence officials and agents over many years.
A remarkably deft work of storytelling that reveals how the blueprint for the postwar economic order was actually drawn, The Battle of Bretton Woods is destined to become a classic of economic and political history.
Benn Steil is senior fellow and director of international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations. His previous book, Money, Markets, and Sovereignty, was awarded the 2010 Hayek Book Prize.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ixChapter 1: Introduction 1Chapter 2: The World Comes to the White Mountains 9Chapter 3: The Improbable Rise of Harry White 17Chapter 4: Maynard Keynes and the Monetary Menace 61Chapter 5: "The Most Unsordid Act" 99Chapter 6: The Best-Laid Plans of White and Keynes 125Chapter 7: Whitewash 155Chapter 8: History Is Made 201Chapter 9: Begging Like Fala 251Chapter 10: Out with the Old Order, In with the New 293Chapter 11: Epilogue 330Appendix 1: Harry Dexter White Manuscript Photos 349Appendix 2: Statement of Harry S. Truman on Harry Dexter White, 1953 351Cast of Characters 355Notes 371References 407Index 427
What People are Saying About This
From the Publisher
"Benn Steil has written a wonderfully rich and vivid account of the making of the postwar economic order. The Battle of Bretton Woods tells the fascinating story of the contest between the United States and Britain, led by the outsized personalities of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, to reconcile their competing visions and interests."—Liaquat Ahamed, author of Lords of Finance"A riveting, exceptionally well-written account of the birth of the postwar economic order, and the roles of two determined men who were competing to define it. The Battle of Bretton Woods is a must-read work of economic and diplomatic history with great relevance to today."—Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the Federal Reserve"This is a fascinating study of monetary affairs and the politics of international finance, all tied up in the history of the Bretton Woods system and its ultimate demise. The book is full of lessons that are relevant today in a world that still resists international monetary reform."—Paul Volcker, former chairman of the Federal Reserve"Benn Steil has written a fascinating book with far-reaching consequences. In seeing the creation of the postwar economic system through the prism of the harsh interaction between Keynes and White, he makes complicated financial issues easy to fathom. Above all, Steil conclusively establishes the truth of an astonishing paradox—that White, the architect of the global capitalist financial architecture, was also a secret agent of the Soviet Union!"—Andrew Roberts, author of The Storm of War"Beautifully and engagingly written, deeply researched, and of great contemporary interest, this book addresses how Bretton Woods really worked. One virtue of the book is that it places the United States and its chief negotiator, the enigmatic Harry Dexter White, at the center of the narrative. It also documents more fully and convincingly than any previous account the extent of White's espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union, a story that enhances an already gripping narrative."—Harold James, author of Making the European Monetary Union
