Table of Contents
Acknowledgements IX
Abbreviations XI
Introduction XIII
Section 1 Intellectual Context
Introduction 3
Chapter 1 Demetrius' Intellectual Background 5
1.1 The Primary Context: The Byzantine Background 5
1.2 The Secondary Context: Western Texts 13
1.2.1 Demetrius' Latin Studies 13
1.2.2 The Evidence 15
The Writers/Texts 16
Aquinas 16
Augustinian Texts 20
Boethius 24
Further texts 26
1.2.3 The Western Material: Observations 28
Section 2 Ideas and Preoccupations
Introduction 41
The Sources: Demetrius' Writings to c. 1371 42
Chapter 2 The Political Sphere 49
2.1 Demetrius' Understanding of Imperial Office and His Relationship with His Imperial Patrons 49
2.2 Foreign Policy (Excluding Relations with the Latin West) 57
2.2.1 The Turkish Threat 57
2.2.2 Bulgarians and Serbs 63
2.2.3 Hungarians and Mongols 67
2.3 Foreign Policy: The Latins 70
Chapter 3 The Religious Sphere 83
3.1 Key Principles and Ideas 83
3.1.1 Faith and Revelation 84
3.1.2 The Sources of Revelation: Interplay of Scripture, 'Fathers' and 'Councils' 85
3.1.3 Methodology: Infallibility and Fallibility; Determining Authoritative Sources 88
3.1.4 Methodology: Defending the Latins 90
3.1.5 Methodology: The Status of Human Reason 92
3.1.6 'Fathers' and 'Councils': Practical Issues 96
3.2 Specific Issues 103
3.2.1 The Church, East and West 103
3.2.2 The Filioque 118
3.2.3 Palamas 124
Section 3 Historical Context and Implications
Introduction 131
Chapter 4 The Extent of'Publicity' 133
4.1 Channels for Circulation 133
4.1.1 The Manuscript Evidence 133
4.1.2 Further Evidence of Circulation 136
4.2 Political Themes 148
4.2.1 Demetrius and His Imperial Patrons 148
4.2.2 Foreign Policy 153
The Turkish Threat 153
International Relations (Excluding the Latins) 156
International Relations: The Latins 157
4.3 Religious Themes 160
4.3.1 General Attitudes to the West, Including the Papacy 160
4.3.2 Specific Doctrinal Issues 161
The Filioque 161
Palamism, Philotheos and the Hesychasts 162
4.4 Normative Relations 165
Conclusions 168
Chapter 5 Contextualising Demetrius' Pro-western Approach 169
Introduction 169
5.1 The General Background: Byzantine-papal/Byzantine-Latin Relations 171
5.2 Demetrius' Role in Developments 184
5.3 The Credibility of the Pro-western Propaganda 205
Chapter 6 Orthodox Developments 221
Introduction 221
6.1 Divisions within Orthodoxy 221
6.1.1 The Hesychast Background 221
6.1.2 The Repercussions of the Civil War 228
6.1.3 Philotheos and Demetrius in the Late 1360s 232
6.2 Indications of Strength? 239
6.2.1 'Orthodox Universalism' and Relations with Other Orthodox Sees 241
Serbia/Peç 243
Bulgaria/Trnovo 245
Russia/Kiev 247
6.2.2 'International Hesychasm' 250
Conclusions 258
Conclusion 265
Select Bibliography 269
General Index 281
Manuscripts mentioned 289
Index of Letters of Demetrius Kydones cited 291
Original works of named authors/translations cited in the text 293
